Read the following text, which is an extract from a book by an explorer and adventurer.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. Form, audience, purpose, style, conventions, language and structure will be appropriately adapted to suit task
2. Content may include key factual information as well as other relevant ideas
3. Tone will be used to have an impact on the reader and to create an effect
4. The typical text conventions used in the original text and the candidate's own leaflet section
5. The ways in which the different purposes affect the content and style of the two texts
6. The ways in which the text and the leaflet appeal to their respective intended audiences
7. Any other relevant aspect of the texts' form
8. Relatively consistent paragraph length and the effect of this on the reader
9. The way the text develops from a dramatic yet almost lyrical opening (italicised) to a more personal section and onwards to the crux of the text and then more descriptive concluding sections
10. Discourse markers and other cohesive devices including; tense agreement, anaphoric reference etc.
11. The way in which the final paragraph of the text includes a joke and parenthesised exclamation mark
12. Any other relevant structural feature in the text
13. The use of the first person and personal information to engage the reader
14. The use of language of adventure: I'm hanging under the tumult, blasting me back and forwards
15. The clipped sentences and dramatic dialogue at the outset to engage the reader's attention: Rock! The shout goes out. Through the giant rainbow a boulder swoops. We hold our breath.
16. Contrast between home or personal life and the lonely life of an adventurer, and the frustration/dissatisfaction of trying to communicate with home: We ended up arguing. It was a bleak start
17. The use of auditory imagery: boom resonates, gurgle, roar, echo ricochets
18. The effects of superlatives: biggest waterfall in the nation, most remote and impenetrable forest remaining on planet earth
19. The use of similes: like a fly caught in a storm-blown web, like a dagger to the heart and the metaphor unrepeatable chapter of my baby's childhood
20. The naming of the writer's wife – Helen – makes her seem more real to the reader and highlights the distance between them further
21. The contrast that emerges between the tough adventurer and the husband and father
22. The use of alliteration to underscore key events and the hostile environment: calamitous cliffs, fierce flow filling my lungs
23. Harsh words used to describe the industries and the destruction they cause: energy companies prowl offshore, monster operation, poisoning, blasted away, hacking
24. All of this contrasts with lexis suggesting beauty, a time before man's exploitation, even fairytale images: scores of slumbering dragons, perfect egg of rock, formed before life on earth
25. Any other relevant language features in the text.