Fig. 1.1 shows the pattern of a trading bloc's exports and imports of mining production. exports Canada 4% China 4% Israel 11% South-east Asia 28% United States 26% Rest of the World 27% imports Saudi Arabia 5% Iran 4% Libya 7% Norway 13% Russian Federation 24% Rest of the World ? Fig. 1.1 exports and imports of mining production Use Fig. 1.1 to help you answer the following questions.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Primary/extractive/exhaustive
2. [1] South-east Asia
3. [2] Correct answer 47% (2)
4. [1] Working 100 - 53 or 100-4-5-7-13-24 (1)
5. [1] Increased trade / economic growth
6. [1] access to larger markets
7. [1] Wider choice / better quality of goods for consumers
8. [1] obtain goods not locally available / goods move freely from member countries
9. [1] No tariffs
10. [1] free trade
11. [1] Competitive/cheaper prices
12. [1] take advantage of cheaper raw materials
13. [1] Economies of scale
14. [1] mass production / free movement of goods
15. [1] More jobs
16. [1] with free movement of labour / increased GDP / opportunity to set up factories in other member countries
17. [1] Standardisation of measures/documents (possibly currency)
18. [1] making it easier to sell to other countries
19. [1] Travel costs may be reduced
20. [1] less bureaucracy / same currency
21. [1] Financial aid
22. [1] e.g. for infrastructure projects / areas of poverty
23. [1] Improve relationships
24. [1] improve peace between nations
25. [1] Foreign investment
26. [1] may increase standard of living / level of employment
27. [1] A tariff is a tax on imported goods
28. [1] A mass rapid transport system (MRT) is part of rail transport
29. [1] Teleconferencing
30. [1] people linked by voice in distant locations
31. [1] Videoconferencing
32. [1] people linked by voice and vision in distant locations
33. [1] Fax
34. [1] to send a copy of a document
35. [1] Email
36. [1] written message sent via internet
37. [1] Telephone/mobile phone/smartphone
38. [1] Verbal/can discuss/access internet
39. [1] Social media
40. [1] website/apps/e.g. twitter allows users to see/make posts
41. [1] Text message
42. [1] usually sent between mobile phones
43. [1] Bank/online transfer
44. [1] to make/receive payment
45. [1] Internet
46. [1] use of websites
47. [6] Up to 2 marks for describing coal being transported by ship
48. [2] Sea transport by ship is a cheap way of carrying low value bulky goods such as coal over long distances. If large ships are used to carry coal the unit cost per tonne of coal transported is very low. Ships and barges have access to many parts of the world, travelling from port to port, loading and offloading coal. Ships can be delayed by weather. The documentation is complex for sea transport.
49. [2] Up to a further 2 marks for analysing sea transport with other types of transport
50. [2] Rail can be used to move large quantities of coal and is cheap/fast for long distances. Rail is generally less polluting than ship. However, both require transhipment whereas road transport can be door-to-door. Many trucks would be needed to carry the same amount of coal as can be carried on one train or ship. Trucks can cause traffic congestion and cause safety concerns on the roads. Rail, road and canal/river transport require infrastructure to operate.
51. [0] Air transport is too expensive for bulky/heavy goods like coal.
52. [2] Up to a final 2 marks for evaluating the extent to which transport by ship is the best way of moving coal
53. [2] Evaluation example: If transport is needed close to the coal mine then road or rail transport are fine, but for longer distances either ship or rail would be better. It depends on where the coal is being moved to/from. If there is easy access to a seaport then some form of sea transport would be best, but between land-locked countries rail might be a more environmentally friendly option than road.