The chart in Fig. 1.1 shows the percentage of carbon emissions produced by various methods of transport in a country. [Figure 1.1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Rail/train; Canal; Pipeline
2. [2] Ferry/roll-on/roll-off (roro); Cargo ship; Tanker; Bulk carrier; Oil, bulk, ore (obo); Container ship; Cruise liner; Coastal shipping; Hovercraft; Submarine
3. [2] Correct answer = 26% (2); Method 4% + 21% + 6% + 43% = 74% – 100% (1)
4. [2] It reduces number of private cars/vehicles on the road/less people will buy cars (1) leading to less traffic/cleaner air/less pollution (1); Can carry more passengers (1) reduces carbon emissions/carbon footprint (1)
5. [2] A delivery note would be used in home trade; A document providing temporary motor insurance is known as a cover note
6. [3] Yes - it is a want as it is not essential/not a basic necessity (1) can survive without it (1) like for example food (1) a motor car is a luxury (1) many people cannot afford it (1) you can walk/use public transport instead (1); No - it is a need as it is essential (1) to make life more comfortable/easier (1) if for example people live far from their workplace/travelling long distances (1) to reach inaccessible places for urgent needs/natural disasters, e.g. helicopter for doctor to reach patients on Mount Kilimanjaro (1)
7. [6] Up to 2 marks for describing air transport in the chain of distribution.
8. [6] Up to a further 2 marks for analysing the use of air transport in the chain of distribution.
9. [6] Up to a final 2 marks for evaluating how important air transport is in the chain of distribution.
10. [6] A major goal of a distribution operation is speed, to reduce the time to get products to customers, particularly for perishables or valuable goods which need to get to market quickly. The growth of the global economy has led to the chain of distribution importing and exporting more goods and to increased demand for luxury items, such as electronics which are lightweight. Goods need to be kept securely/safe in airports and must be of sufficiently high value to cover the costs of air transport. More cargo planes have become available with greater capacity, and an increasing number of airports are making more air routes for distribution available.
11. [6] However, businesses also want to get their goods to their customers in the most cost-effective way. Air transport can involve higher costs than other options, and is not suitable for all goods. Flights are subject to delay or cancellation, and fuel and currency surcharges will usually be added to freight costs. Further transportation may be needed from the arrival airport to the final destination.
12. [6] Evaluation example: Air transport is very important as a fast method of transport. However, although more goods are transported by air, the vast majority of goods are carried by road in home trade and by sea in international trade. Road and sea transport can carry bulk goods more cheaply and have greater accessibility. So air transport is important in the chain of distribution but it is not the only important method of transport.