Atoms contain the subatomic particles electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons and electrons were discovered by observations of their behaviours in electric fields.

1. (a)The diagram shows the behaviour of separate beams of electrons and protons in an electric field. [Figure 1a]
2. (a)(i)Complete the diagram with the relative charge of each of the electrically charged plates.[1]
3. (a)(ii)On the diagram, draw a line to show how a separate beam of neutrons from the same source behaves in the same electric field.[1]
4. (b)Electrons in atoms up to 36Kr are distributed in s, p and d orbitals.
5. (b)(i)State the number of occupied orbitals in an isolated atom of 36Kr. [Table with 'type of orbital' (s, p, d) and 'number of orbitals'][3]
6. (b)(ii)Complete the diagram to show the number and relative energies of the electrons in an isolated atom of 14Si. [Figure 1b(ii)][2]
7. (b)(iii)The diagram shows a type of orbital. [Figure 1b(iii)] State the total number of electrons that exist in all orbitals of this type in an atom of F.[1]
8. (b)(iv)The first ionisation energies of elements in the first row of the d block (21Sc to 29Cu) are very similar. For all these elements, it is a 4s electron that is lost during the first ionisation. Suggest why the first ionisation energies of these elements are very similar.[3]
9. (c)Hydron is a general term used to represent the ions 1H+, H+ and H⁺. State, in terms of subatomic particles in the nucleus, what is the same about each of these ions and what is different.[1]

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