Polysaccharides, such as glycogen, are composed of thousands of monomers. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monomers in their chain.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [3] any three from: nystose is not branched / glycogen is branched ; different glycosidic bonds, qualified ; e.g. nystose has one type of glycosidic bond and glycogen has two types 1-4 and 1-6 (glycosidic) bonds in glycogen (v 1-2 glycosidic bonds in nystose) two types of monomer / AW, in nystose v only glucose in glycogen ; nystose contains one glucose (residue / monomer) ; ref. to ring shape, glycogen monomers have six-sided rings and nystose has (a) six-sided ring and five-sided rings ; AVP; e.g. fructose in nystose and no fructose in glycogen I numbers of C,H and O
2. [4] any four from: must attempt both to gain max 4 rough endoplasmic reticulum translation (of mRNA) / polypeptide synthesis, at ribosomes ; A protein synthesis polypeptide folding (in lumen) ; A protein folding packaged in / formation of, transport vesicles / vesicles for transport, to Golgi body; Golgi body packaging into, Golgi / secretory, vesicles ; A formation of, Golgi / secretory vesicle, containing glycoprotein A packaging into vesicles for transport to cell surface membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi body (modification by) glycosylation (of protein) / described ; e.g attachment of, sugars / oligosaccharide / polysaccharide / carbohydrate ref. to checking for, misfolded / incorrectly synthesised, proteins; additional detail of post-translational modification; e.g. suggestion of forming quaternary structure addition of non-protein groups
3. [1] any one from: cell signalling or receptor(s) / binding site(s), for, chemicals / hormones / molecules ; cell recognition or (cell surface) antigens or cell-cell interactions ;