(a) Explain what is meant by the term sustainable development. (b) Describe two ways in which human activities can lead to deforestation. (c) Explain two negative effects of deforestation on the environment. (d) Suggest two measures that could be taken to reduce the negative effects of deforestation.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme. The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 20(a)
2. M1 - meeting needs of current generation;
3. A1 - without compromising ability of future generations to meet their needs;
4. 20(b)
5. B1 - logging / timber for building / furniture / paper;
6. B1 - agriculture / cattle ranching / growing crops / palm oil;
7. B1 - new roads / urban development / industry / mining;
8. B1 - fuel / firewood;
9. Max 2 marks.
10. 20(c)
11. M1 - (less trees means) less photosynthesis / carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere;
12. A1 - leads to increased carbon dioxide levels / global warming / greenhouse effect;
13. M1 - loss of habitat / biodiversity;
14. A1 - leads to extinction / fewer species / disruption of food webs;
15. M1 - soil erosion;
16. A1 - roots no longer hold soil / soil washed away;
17. M1 - disruption of water cycle / less transpiration;
18. A1 - (leads to) drier climate / desertification / floods;
19. Max 4 marks.
20. 20(d)
21. B1 - replanting trees / reforestation / afforestation;
22. B1 - conservation / national parks / protected areas;
23. B1 - reduce demand for wood products / recycle wood / paper;
24. B1 - use sustainable logging practices;
25. B1 - education / awareness campaigns;
26. B1 - alternative fuels / energy sources;
27. B1 - ecotourism;
28. Max 2 marks.