The debate about individual and situational explanations relates to the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams). Outline what is meant by this debate, including one example from the individual explanation and one example from the situational explanation from the study by Dement and Kleitman.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The individual side refers to behaviours from factors within the person (dispositional).
2. [1] All the dreams reported were unique, like throwing tomatoes at each other, showing that a person's individual personality is seen in their dreams (example).
3. [1] The situational side refers to behaviour from factors in the external environment.
4. [1] The participants were sleeping in a laboratory with an EEG attached to them so this scenario may have affected their ability to recall dreams/estimated time in REM (example).