In the study by Pepperberg (parrot learning), Alex the parrot could choose from three labels when asked 'What's same?' about two objects. Two of these labels were colour and shape.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 1 mark for the correct answer Matter/mah-mah
2. [1] There is a trainer and a model;
3. [1] The trainer presents objects to a second human (model);
4. [1] They ask questions about the objects;
5. [1] They praise/reward the correct answers;
6. [1] They show disapproval for incorrect answers;
7. [1] The second human acts as a model for Alex/the bird;
8. [1] And as a rival for the trainer's attention/rival Alex for attention;
9. [1] The role of model and rival were reversed;