A cannon fires a shell vertically upwards. The shell leaves the cannon with a speed of 80 ms¯¹ and a kinetic energy of 480 J. The shell then rises to a maximum height of 210m. The effect of air resistance is significant.

1. (a)State what is meant by kinetic energy.[1]
2. (b)(i)Show that the mass of the shell is 0.15kg.[2]
3. (b)(ii)1.For the movement of the shell from the cannon to its maximum height, calculate 1. the gain in gravitational potential energy, gain in gravitational potential energy = ..................................................... J[2]
4. (b)(ii)2.2. the work done against air resistance. work done = ..................................................... J[1]
5. (b)(iii)Determine the average force due to the air resistance acting on the shell as it moves from the cannon to its maximum height. force = ..................................................... N[2]
6. (b)(iv)The shell leaves the cannon at time t = 0 and reaches maximum height at time t = T. On Fig. 2.1, sketch the variation with time t of the velocity v of the shell from time t = 0 to time t = T. Numerical values of v and t are not required. [Figure 2.1][2]
7. (b)(v)The force due to the air resistance is a vector quantity. Compare the force due to the air resistance acting on the shell as it rises with the force due to the air resistance as it falls.[2]

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