Describe the impact on Pakistan in 1990 of its inability to meet the terms of the Pressler Amendment.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. (a) President Bush [1] suspended aid to Pakistan [1] because he could not provide the necessary guarantee [1] that Pakistan did not have a nuclear capability [1]
2. (a) most economic aid was stopped [1] and all military aid was stopped [1]
3. (a) deliveries of major military equipment were suspended
4. (a) there were some exceptions [1] of $3–5 million each year [1] which was allocated for drug control, withdrawal and rehabilitation programmes [1]
5. (b) as Prime Minister, when things went wrong Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was blamed
6. (b) many families resisted and resented the education reforms as they feared a loss of household earnings
7. (b) Martial law was imposed in Karachi, Lahore and Hyderabad during the election campaign in March 1977
8. (b) the Pakistan National Alliance accused the government of rigging the election in March 1977 and demanded new elections
9. (b) there were anti-government protests
10. (b) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was arrested and charged
11. (c) 1949 Objectives Resolution planned Islamic principles in a constitution
12. (c) 1952 Basic Principles Committee wanted an Islamic constitution
13. (c) 1956 Constitution declared that Pakistan was to be an Islamic Republic
14. (c) 1959 Basic Democracies allowed elections at various levels
15. (c) 1973 Constitution revived the power of the National Assembly
16. (c) 1949 Objectives Resolution was criticised by East Pakistan
17. (c) the death of Liaquat Ali Khan meant that constitutional change had to wait
18. (c) 1952 Basic Principles Committee didn't settle the official language issue
19. (c) 1956 Constitution didn't solve political issues
20. (c) 1962 Constitution increased the powers of the ruling elite
21. (c) 1973 National Assembly reduced the powers of the president in favour of the prime minister
22. (c) 1973 Constitution devolved powers to provincial assemblies meaning that the party in power in the national government had less influence in the regions where they do not have a majority