O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe history and culture of PakistanOct/Nov 2023 · Q425 Marks

Describe the achievements of Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy between 1988 and 1990.

(a)Describe the achievements of Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy between 1988 and 1990.[4]
(b)Explain the benefits to Pakistan of being a member of the United Nations.[7]
(c)To what extent were economic factors the main cause of increased tension between East and West Pakistan by 1971? Explain your answer.[14]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

(a) Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth [1] in 1989 [1]
(a) Pakistan hosted the 4th South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) summit conference [1] in December 1988 [1]
(a) Pakistan and India signed three separate peace agreements [1] as a result of improved relations at the SAARC conference [1]
(a) Benazir Bhutto made an official visit to the USA [1] in June 1989 [1] and met President George H.W. Bush [1]
(a) the visit restored good relations between the USA and Pakistan
(a) Benazir Bhutto visited China [1] and The Reciprocal Encouragement and and Protection of Investments agreement was signed [1]
(a) the visit improved relations between China and Pakistan
(b) Pakistan became a spokesperson on behalf of Muslim countries
(b) allowed Pakistan's international standing to grow
(b) Pakistan received loans from the World Bank
(b) it has assisted with international disagreements
(b) it helped to address the Canal Water Dispute
(b) it has helped Pakistan's case over Jammu and Kashmir
(c) East Pakistan felt wealth creation was concentrated in West Pakistan
(c) East Pakistan felt that West Pakistan benefited more from foreign aid and capital investment
(c) The Bengali people believed that earnings from trade in jute produced in East Pakistan were used in West Pakistan
(c) people in West Pakistan had higher earnings than people in East Pakistan, and the gap was growing
(c) East Pakistan felt that money earned there was being used to finance industrial development in the west
(c) since 1947 trade with West Bengal had been cut off
(c) poverty in East Pakistan was a growing problem
(c) East Pakistan was a long way from West Pakistan
(c) some people in East Pakistan resented the capital being in West Pakistan
(c) many people in East Pakistan didn't believe they were being taken seriously in the creation of the nation
(c) famines and floods led to discontent and hardship in East Pakistan
(c) East Pakistan felt deserted by West Pakistan after the 1970 cyclone
(c) Bengali wasn't recognised as an official language at the time
(c) East Pakistan felt Bengali should be the national language
(c) there was a different culture in East Pakistan to West Pakistan
(c) there were fewer children in primary school in East Pakistan
(c) there were fewer medical professionals in East Pakistan
(c) The Awami League won a majority in East Pakistan in 1970
(c) The League presented its Six Points which effectively meant separation
(c) Ayub Khan dismissed the Six Points which led to further discontent
(c) people in East Pakistan felt that they were underrepresented in government and the military