Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Benazir Bhutto described her time as Prime Minister as problematic: 'I found that people opposed me simply on the grounds that I was a woman. The clerics took to the mosque saying that Pakistan had thrown itself outside the Muslim world by voting for a woman, that a woman had taken a man's place in an Islamic society. My opponents reduced themselves to verbal abuse rather than discuss issues simply because I was a woman.'

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with Begum favouring Benazir's brother Mir Murtaza as leader. Begum removed from a leading role in the PPP. Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfikar Organisation. He used this to criticise Benazir. He also opposed her husband's involvement in the PPP because of the allegations of corruption against him. Zardani accused of paybacks on property and government deals and being involved in political murders. Known as Mr 10%. Murtaza arrested on his return to Pakistan on charges of terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was killed in a police ambush and a judicial review of the incident found government involvement in it.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer India was Pakistan's enemy.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Because of Simla and the nuclear testing programme.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the war. In return for the release of 90000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to pursue a solution to the Kashmir problem in international forums. This annoyed Pakistan which had sought a solution through the United Nations. Pakistan was also shocked at India's nuclear test programme in 1974. It raised real fears that its neighbour had a nuclear capability. Relations became even worse when India suspected that Pakistan was training Sikh extremists and when Indira Gandhi was assassinated by a Sikh in 1984.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Relationships have been good.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of relationship Diplomatic relations started in 1948. Visits by the leaders of the two countries have been undertaken since then.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains successes or failures
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains successes and failures Successes Leaders of the two countries have visited each other which has helped to improve relationships between them. Zahir Shah wanted to be friendly with Pakistan and during the 1965 war remained neutral despite pressure from India and Russia. Failures Afghanistan has violated a trade agreement on several occasions. Diplomatic relations were severed due to hostility between the two countries but were later renewed. During the Afghan–Russian war, Afghanistan violated Pakistan airspace and bombed Pakistani areas. Problems relating to drugs, armed robberies, kidnappings and gun battles between rival gangs in the border region. Increase in terrorist problem.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation