Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). In 1962, Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution that was largely made up of his own proposals. The new constitution was aimed at making Ayub Khan's position more secure and guaranteed far-reaching powers for the President. It was disliked by many people, especially those in East Pakistan who felt that they would have little part in governing Pakistan. As a result within a decade there was a need to introduce a new constitution.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Introduced by Bhutto. Pakistan to become a federal republic with parliamentary system of government. PM to be head of government. Pakistan an Islamic Republic with Islam the state religion. PM and President to be Muslims. Fundamental human rights to be recognised with Supreme and High Courts to enforce these. PM agrees to President's orders but advises President. Upper House (Senate) to be elected and must not be dissolved. Emergency powers for government. Armed forces not to take part in political activities.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Pakistan was weak.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Jinnah had died and there were major problems in running the new country. Politicians were inexperienced.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Jinnah had died in 1948 and Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. The country was struggling to establish itself without these two experienced figures. The problems of running a new country were very difficult to overcome and India had not been forthcoming in sharing out the joint assets. The problems associated with managing the Kashmir issue and relations with India over it were very difficult with no agreement on its future. The formation of East Pakistan brought with it problems relating to the capital being located in West Pakistan, and the refusal to have Bengali as the main language was a source of discontent and conflict. Together with a plethora of assassinations of leading figures, inexperienced politicians were having great difficulty running the country, and as a result there was a lack of stability in governing and this led to many different governments being formed during these years.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Zia had a strict regime.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Describes the Islamic laws or identifies achievements Zia introduced Islamic laws which included the Hudood, Zina, and Zakat Ordinances.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains promotion of Islamic values or other domestic policies
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains promotion of Islamic values and other domestic policies Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore the Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government. With regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some success since many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the private sector was encouraged to re-invest. Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth rate was 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at that time. Pakistanis working overseas contributed to this growth by sending money home to their families. Zia tried to build up investors. Confidence in Pakistani industry was increased by de-nationalising many firms. This aimed to increase local and foreign investment in industries. Efforts were also made to increase the efficiency of government-run industries. There was a need by Zia to establish a measure of legitimacy to his presidency by declaring legal all the military actions since 1977. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to dismiss the Prime Minister of the time. As a result of this, martial law was lifted but Zia remained President, unchallenged.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation