Table 9.1 shows details of seven different nuclides.[Table 9.1]

1. (a)(i)Hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3 are isotopes of the element hydrogen. Define the term isotope.[2]
2. (a)(ii)The equation for the decay of phosphorus-32 (P-32) as it emits a beta particle is: ³²₁₅P → ⁰₋₁β + ³²₁₆Q Explain whether the equation shows that Q is another isotope of phosphorus. Q is not the chemical symbol for the atom.[1]
3. (b)(i)One of the sources in Table 9.1 is used in a medical procedure to detect unusual bone structures. It is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted is detected outside the body. State which source in Table 9.1 is most suitable for this type of medical use.[1]
4. (b)(ii)Explain two reasons for your choice[2]
5. (c)(i)Radon gas is one natural source of background radiation. Some causes of background radiation are man-made, for example, X-rays. State one other natural source of background radiation.[1]
6. (c)(ii)State one other man-made source of background radiation.[1]
7. (c)(iii)State one harmful effect of background radiation.[1]
8. (d)(i)One fusion reaction that occurs is: ²₁H + ³₁H → ⁴₂He + ...X Complete the equation to show the missing proton and nucleon numbers.[1]
9. (d)(ii)Deduce the name of particle X.[1]
10. (d)(iii)Suggest where this fusion reaction takes place.[1]
11. (e)Compare the properties of alpha-particles and beta-particles in terms of their: • ability to penetrate through materials • ionising effects • deflection in a magnetic field.[3]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.