A small aircraft takes off from the horizontal deck of a ship. Before taking off, the aircraft is held in place by a holdback bar. When the holdback bar is released, the aircraft is pulled along the deck by a steam-powered piston as shown in Fig. 2.1. [Figure 2.1] The steam exerts a high pressure on the piston.

1. (a)(i)Explain, using ideas about particles, how the steam creates a pressure on the piston.[2]
2. (a)(ii)Explain why the pressure on the piston increases as the temperature of the steam increases.[2]
3. (b)When the pressure is high enough, the holdback bar is released. The steam pushes the piston along the pipe shown in Fig. 2.1. The piston has a cross-sectional area of 0.30m². The pressure of the steam in the tank is 2.1 × 10⁶ Pa. Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa. Determine the resultant force on the piston caused by the pressure difference. Show your working. force = ........................................................... N[2]
4. (c)(i)The force calculated in (b) causes the aircraft to accelerate to a maximum speed of 28 m/s from rest. The mass of the aircraft is 3.0 × 10⁴kg. Calculate the momentum of the aircraft at the maximum speed. momentum = ........................................................... kgm/s[2]
5. (c)(ii)Calculate the time taken for the aircraft to reach the maximum speed. time = ........................................................... s[2]

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