Trade union membership is much higher in Sweden than in most countries. In 2019, 70% of Swedish workers were members of a trade union. More than 85% of Swedish workers are employed in the tertiary sector, compared with only 2% in the primary sector. Swedish workers spend their incomes on a variety of products some of which, e.g. sweets, are demerit goods. Sweden has the 7th highest per head consumption of sweets in the world.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Price (1)
2. [1] income (1)
3. [1] tastes / habit / culture (1)
4. [1] advertising (1)
5. [1] availability (1)
6. [1] social media / influencers (1)
7. [1] quality (1)
8. [1] government regulations/ laws (1)
9. [1] age (1).
10. [1] Impose an (indirect) tax / tariff on goods (1)
11. [1] raise the price (1).
12. [1] Provide information (1)
13. [1] about harmful effects (1).
14. [1] Ban / regulate (1)
15. [1] to stop or reduce the availability of the product (1).
16. [1] Set minimum price above market price (1)
17. [1] raise prices (1).
18. [1] Import quota (1)
19. [1] restricts availability for purchase (1).
20. [1] Understanding of role of trade union (1)
21. [1] to gain greater bargaining power (1)
22. [1] through industrial action (1)
23. [1] to negotiate with employers (1)
24. [1] for higher wages (1)
25. [1] better working conditions / health & safety (1)
26. [1] fringe benefits (1).
27. [1] To represent them (1)
28. [1] in disputes with employers (1)
29. [1] e.g., to protect their rights (1)
30. [1] against unfair dismissal / discrimination (1)
31. [1] increase job security (1)
32. [1] compensation for work injuries (1).
33. [1] To gain greater influence on the government (1)
34. [1] to e.g., increase a national minimum wage (1)
35. [1] increase job opportunities (1).
36. [1] Unions may provide services to members (1)
37. [1] training courses (1)
38. [1] improving health and safety (1)
39. [1] benefits e.g. discounts at gyms (1)
40. [1] financial and legal advice (1).
41. [1] may be more skilled / qualified
42. [1] may be more productive
43. [1] tertiary products may have higher value added
44. [1] tertiary products may have higher demand, so industries may have greater ability to pay higher wages.
45. [1] may be less likely to belong to a trade union
46. [1] some workers may be in lower paid jobs e.g., cleaners
47. [1] some tertiary sector firms / occupations may be declining
48. [1] some may be less experienced
49. [1] some may not be in promoted posts
50. [1] primary sector products may have higher value added e.g., oil
51. [1] primary sector workers in a developed country may be paid more than tertiary workers in an undeveloped country.
52. [1] primary jobs may be more dangerous e.g., mining