Mali is a developing country. Its Human Development Index (HDI) rose from 0.297 in 2000 to 0.442 in 2016. Most of Mali's workers are employed in agriculture and cotton is the country's main agricultural crop. The country's main export, however, is gold. The country is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) GDP (GNI) per head / income per head / average income
2. [1] (a) education
3. [1] (a) life expectancy
4. [1] (b) A smaller proportion of resources are likely to be devoted to the primary sector
5. [1] (b) increases in technology / productivity / education requires fewer resources / resources move to more financially rewarding uses / use of more machinery
6. [1] (b) A greater proportion of resources are devoted to manufacturing at first
7. [1] (b) and then a smaller proportion
8. [1] (b) the manufacturing sector becomes more efficient
9. [1] (b) The service sector continues to grow
10. [1] (b) in developed economies, most labour is employed in the service sector
11. [1] (b) Some developing countries' tertiary sector has grown faster than secondary sector – jumped a stage
12. [1] (c) Axes correctly labelled – price and quantity or P and Q
13. [1] (c) Demand and supply curves correctly labelled
14. [1] (c) Supply curve shifted to the right
15. [1] (c) Equilibriums – shown by lines or e.g. E1 and E2
16. [1] (c) A fall in the price of cotton will reduce the cost of producing cotton shirts
17. [1] (c) price will fall / quantity will rise
18. [1] (d) It may provide more jobs
19. [1] (d) reduce unemployment
20. [1] (d) It may increase output / cause economic growth
21. [1] (d) increase wages
22. [1] (d) increase living standards
23. [1] (d) Some of the gold may be exported
24. [1] (d) improve the current account position
25. [1] (d) The industry may experience (external) economies of scale
26. [1] (d) lower average cost
27. [1] (d) example of an external economy
28. [1] (d) It will be more beneficial if world demand is increasing
29. [1] (d) May attract multinational companies to set up in the country
30. [1] (d) Tax revenue may increase
31. [1] (d) enabling government to spend more on e.g. infrastructure
32. [1] (d) A rise in the supply of gold may reduce its price
33. [1] (d) reduce revenue
34. [1] (d) reduce exports
35. [1] (d) External costs may be created
36. [1] (d) damage to the natural environment / pollution
37. [1] (d) The industry may experience (external) diseconomies of scale
38. [1] (d) higher average cost
39. [1] (d) example of an external economy
40. [1] (d) Mining is a dangerous occupation
41. [1] (d) wages may be low as primary sector
42. [1] (d) jobs may be unskilled
43. [1] (d) Resource of gold may be depleted
44. [1] (d) stopping future generations being able to take advantage of them
45. [1] (d) It will be less beneficial if other gold producing countries are increasing their output