O-LevelBiologyHuman Nutrition5090/21 · May/June 2020 · Q28 Marks

Name a substance in a healthy diet, a lack of which leads to soft bones in a child.

(a)(i)Name a substance in a healthy diet, a lack of which leads to soft bones in a child.[1]
(a)(ii)Name a food that contains this substance.[1]
(b)Two groups of people (E and F) eat different types of diet. The graph shows the average time taken for food to pass through the alimentary canal for these two groups. key: group E group F proportion of people in each group 5–15 16–25 26–35 36–45 over 45 average time taken/hours [Figure 2.1]
(b)(i)Name the process that causes food to pass through the alimentary canal.[1]
(b)(ii)Suggest how the diets of the two groups of people may be different and give reasons for your answer.[3]
(c)Suggest reasons why it may be a disadvantage for food to pass through the alimentary canal too quickly.[2]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] vitamin D / calcium / phosphate;
[1] for vitamin D: liver / cheese / egg yolks / fatty fish or named / cereals ; for calcium: spinach / kale / okra / soya beans / sardines / perch / salmon family; for phosphate: milk / meat / beans / nuts / grains ;
[1] peristalsis;
[3] group E food takes longer to pass through gut AW ; group E more meat ; group F more fibre / roughage ; group F more bulk for peristalsis AW ; group E constipated ;
[2] less time for food to be absorbed / digested ; reference to malnutrition; may have diarrhoea ; may not have a balanced diet ;

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