Fig. 4.1 shows the stages in the process of genetic engineering to produce the hormone insulin. [Figure 4.1]

1. (a)(i)Describe how the location and organisation of genetic material in the human cell shown in stage K of Fig. 4.1 is different from that in the bacterial cell shown.[3]
2. (a)(ii)Use your knowledge of bacterial cells to name two structures that the transformed plasmid must pass through to form a transformed bacterium in stage L of Fig. 4.1. and[2]
3. (a)(iii)State the type of reproduction that takes place in stage M of Fig. 4.1. Use your knowledge of the process of cell division to explain why it is important that this type of reproduction occurs. type of reproduction explanation[3]
4. (a)(iv)Name the condition in humans that is treated using insulin produced by the bacteria in stage N of Fig. 4.1.[1]
5. (a)(v)Stage N of Fig. 4.1 may take place in a container similar to that used in the large-scale production of antibiotics. State the name of this type of container.[1]
6. (b)Genetic engineering can also be used to produce crop plants for humans to eat. Discuss the potential advantages and dangers of using genetic engineering to produce crop plants for humans to eat. advantages dangers[4]

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