O-LevelBiologyRespiration5090/21 · Oct/Nov 2020 · Q410 Marks

The diagram shows two identical cigarettes before they have been smoked. In one of them, the paper round the filter has been torn away to expose the filter beneath. It also shows a cigarette after it has been smoked, again with its filter exposed. Tar is the chemical which turns the filter brown in colour.

(a)State two harmful effects of tar. 1 2[2]
(b)(i)Name two other chemicals produced by cigarettes when they are smoked and, for each, state one of its harmful effects. chemical 1. harmful effect chemical 2. harmful effect[4]
(b)(ii)Describe how these chemicals can pass from a cigarette to the fetus of a pregnant woman.[4]

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Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] cancer;
[1] emphysema OR air sacs / alveoli + effect ;
[1] chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) ;
[1] bronchitis / inflammation of bronchi / irritates lungs / destroy cilia / cilia stop moving;
[1] carbon monoxide;
[1] less O2 AW + blood / red blood cells / haemoglobin / to body part;
[1] fetus + impaired growth / development / underweight;
[1] nicotine;
[1] increases the desire to smoke / addictive;
[1] heart disease AW ;
[1] stroke / increased blood pressure / constricts arteries ;
[1] inhaled / enters lungs AW ;
[1] diffuse;
[1] alveoli / alveolus ;
[1] into blood;
[1] placenta;
[1] umbilical cord / umbilical vein ;

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