Pitcher plants, similar to the one shown in Fig. 3.1, trap insects in their pitchers and digest them to supplement their nutritional requirements. [Figure 3.1] Some pitcher plants attract small mammals such as bats to spend their resting hours comfortably in the opening to their pitchers. Others attract small tree shrews by releasing a sweet, nectar-like substance from glands on the pitcher lids, as shown in Fig. 3.2. [Figure 3.2]

1. (a)(i)Name the process used by the pitcher plant to manufacture the nectar-like substance before it is released.[1]
2. (a)(ii)Describe how that substance is translocated to the glands on the pitcher lids.[2]
3. (b)The pitcher plant that attracts the tree shrew is called the lavatory plant. These pitcher plants that attract small mammals rarely catch and digest many insects. Suggest and describe how these plants may benefit from the presence of tree shrews and bats.[5]

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