Outline the various kinds of circumambulations (tawaf) around the Ka'ba required during the annual pilgrimage (hajj) and describe the conditions of performing them.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 4(a) Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'ba seven times in anticlock wise direction and there are different kinds of tawaf which are performed during hajj.
2. 4(a) The different kinds of tawaf and the conditions for preforming them are:
3. 4(a) ∞ Tawaf-e-Qudoom: is the tawaf of arrival for hajj. It is performed on entering the sacred mosque.
4. 4(a) ∞ Tawaf-e-Ziara (Tawaf Ifadah) is an obligatory act of pilgrimage and if it is not performed the pilgrimage becomes void. It takes place after the first stoning of the jamarat and it is permissible to perform it from 10th and 12th Zil Hajj.
5. 4(a) ∞ Tawaf-e-Wida (the farewell tawaf), this tawaf is wajib and is performed before the pilgrims depart for their homes. It is done after completing the actions of hajj and when one has decided to leave Mecca. It is obligatory for all pilgrims except women who are menstruating or bleeding following childbirth, and the one who fails to do it must sacrifice an animal of the type that is valid as an udhiyah.
6. 4(a) ∞ Tawaf-e-Nafla It is not required during annual pilgrimage but is however performed by pilgrims to gain extra rewards.
7. 4(a) Each of these tawafs must include seven circuits, men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a hurried pace, followed by the remaining four at a slower pace. Each time they reach the Black Stone, they should kiss it if possible or raise their hands in salutation saying Allahu Akbar. After which the pilgrim offers two rak'ah behind Maqaam Ibrahim, if possible; if the pilgrim cannot do that then he/she may offer the prayer in any other part of the mosque. Pilgrims should before starting their tawaf make intention (niyyat) and be in the state of wudu. According to some scholars wudu is fard (compulsory) and it is mustahab (recommended) according to other scholars. If you perform wudu then there is no difference of opinion.
8. 4(a) Except for the specific supplication between the last stretch of each tawaf of the Ka'ba, i.e. between 'Rukne Yamani' and 'Hajar Aswad', there are no specific or particular duas which one needs to recite during the tawaf. It is sunna to recite this supplication during the last stretch of each tawaf:
9. 4(a) Sura Baqarah 2:201 – ‘O our Lord, give us the good in the world, and give us the good in the Hereafter, and save us from the torment of the Hell Fire'.
10. 4(b) Candidate's opinion on why it is desirable for Muslims to visit Madina should be credited on its own merit. Some could say that Madina is a sacred city and is significant in the history of Islam as Islam flourished and spread from Madina, or that it was the city chosen by the Prophet (pbuh) to live in even after the conquest of Mecca, or that he sanctified Madina just as Ibrahim sanctified Mecca. Others could say that the Prophet (pbuh) is buried in Madina and a Hadith states that the Prophet (pbuh) said: 'who makes pilgrimage and then visits my grave after my death is like one who visits me in my life.' Hence making it desirable for Muslims to visit it. A variety of reasons could be given.