In 1848 there were revolutions in different parts of Europe.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] (a) e.g. 'Food prices were going up.'
2. '(a) There was a lot of unemployment.'
3. '(a) The government banned a banquet which was a meeting of liberals.'
4. '(a) There were riots and barricades on the streets of Paris.'
5. '(a) In February Louis Philippe sacked Guizot.'
6. '(a) Louis Philippe then abdicated.'
7. '(a) A Provisional Government was set up.'
8. '(a) The monarchy was abolished and a Republic was set up.'
9. '(a) Reforms were passed including providing paid work for everyone in National Workshops.'
10. [4-5] (b) There was a revolution because Hungarians wanted independence from the Habsburg Empire. Austrian rule included censorship and repression and the official language was German. Hungarians had no influence over politics and the Hungarian economy was run in the interests of Austria. This is why they wanted independence.
11. [2-3] (b) e.g. 'Franz Joseph revoked the April Laws.'
12. '(b) Austrian military action against the Kingdom of Hungary led to anti-Habsburg feelings.'
13. '(b) Kossuth demanded full independence for Hungary.'
14. '(b) It was influenced by the revolution in France.'
15. '(b) Kossuth's speech in March whipped up feelings and led to protests.'
16. [4-6] (c) 'The main reason was the same everywhere. This was the strength of the conservative forces. They had the military on their side and the revolutionaries were no match for the military might of the conservative forces. This can be seen in France where General Cavaignac led the National Guard to put down the rebellion. In Italy it was the Austrian army that defeated the revolutionaries while in Hungary the Austrian and Russian armies defeated the Hungarians. In all these countries the revolutionaries did not have the military strength or organisation necessary to succeed.'
17. OR
18. '(c) I think they failed for different reasons. In France there were serious divisions between the bourgeoisie and the radicals who wanted reforms such as the National Workshops. The closing of these caused the working classes to riot and this frightened the moderates who wanted the National Guard to put down the rebellion. On the other hand, it was the military power of the Austrians which defeated the revolutions. They defeated Charles Albert and he had to abdicate.'
19. [2-3] (c) e.g. 'The strength of the old regimes.'
20. '(c) Divisions amongst revolutionaries.'
21. '(c) Many were defeated by professional armies.'
22. '(c) In many places Liberals could not support the more radical ideas of other protestors.'
23. '(c) Some people wanted economic reform while others wanted political reform.'