South Africans had a variety of experiences in the period 1966 to 1980.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] BOSS was set up to improve state security.
2. [1] The State Security Council was set up.
3. [1] The Terrorism Act made terrorism a crime equal to treason and punishable by death.
4. [1] Suspects could be detained for 12 months without being charged and witnesses could be confined for six months.
5. [1] Conscription was introduced, police numbers were increased and they were better armed.
6. [1] The government had a monopoly of radio and TV broadcasting.
7. [1] There was a great deal of censorship of books and media.
8. [1] Not all parts of South African society benefited because the economic improvements affected different people in different ways.
9. [1] Black workers were hit by high unemployment in the 1970s.
10. [1] Black workers were paid very low wages.
11. [1] Overcrowding made farming impossible in the homelands.
12. [1] The land in the homelands suffered from deforestation and dust bowl conditions.
13. [Explanation L3] The economic improvements benefited white South Africans and were actually built on paying black workers much lower wages. Even when white and black workers were doing the same job, the white workers were paid much more. This was the case with mineworkers where white workers were paid 21 times more than black workers.
14. [1] Black consciousness was a new development and was very important in the struggle against apartheid.
15. [1] It made black South Africans more united and determined.
16. [1] It made black South Africans proud of their culture and history.
17. [1] It helped inspire the Soweto riots.
18. [1] It had a great impact on young black Africans.
19. [1] In 1973 thousands of black workers went on strike.
20. [1] Many South Africans fled to neighbouring countries and trained as guerrilla fighters.
21. [1] International sanctions started against South Africa.
22. [1] There was condemnation of apartheid from the UN.
23. [Explanation L3 (Black consciousness most important)] Black consciousness was very important. It was led by Steve Biko and made black people proud of being black and proud of their history and culture. It also insisted that black people should stand up for themselves and not rely on white people in the struggle against apartheid. These ideas gave black South Africans a feeling of solidarity that made them stronger. It was black consciousness that inspired the students in the Soweto riots. This made the movement very important because it gave the struggle a new driving force.
24. [Explanation L3 (External opposition most important)] I disagree. I think the most important part of the anti-apartheid movement was the external opposition. The United Nations passed resolutions against South Africa and declared that apartheid was a crime against humanity. The OAU gave South Africans military training and the countries around South Africa became independent. This put pressure on South Africa. Sanctions were also beginning to happen with sporting sanctions in the 1970s. All this isolated South Africa and meant it could not carry on its policies for much longer.