Much of Europe was under threat from revolution in 1848.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] He seemed to support reforms at first and released political prisoners.
2. [4] He issued a new constitution.
3. [4] He was unhappy when the Austrians wanted to set up a garrison in the Papal States.
4. [4] He was unhappy about fighting against another Catholic country.
5. [4] He said he did not want to be the leader of an Italian confederation.
6. [4] In April 1848 he denounced war against Austria.
7. [4] He ran away to Naples as he was frightened.
8. [6] Louis Philippe was overthrown because he did not do enough to support the French people in hard times. There was high unemployment and very high prices but the king did little to try to change things to make them better. The reform banquets had been established to help working people and allow them to express their demands for change. However, Louis Philippe closed these down as this increased opposition towards him. It seemed as though he did not care about the difficulties facing his people.
9. [2-3] Louis Philippe did not address demands for constitutional reforms and this made him unpopular.
10. [2-3] He did not pass sufficient social reforms.
11. [2-3] There was an economic crisis at the time and unemployment was high.
12. [2-3] The French did not want a monarchy anymore, they wanted a Republic.
13. [2-3] His chief minister, Guizot, pursued policies which were unpopular and this reflected badly on the king.
14. [2-3] He closed down the reform banquets and that increased opposition towards him.
15. [1] There was a revolution in France in 1848.
16. [10] In some ways this statement is true as the revolutions often only made temporary gains and those who were in power before 1848 either retained or reasserted control.
17. [4-6] Some of the revolutions had lasting success. The brief period of Magyar rule in Hungary was not in vain. By 1867, Magyar was the official language of Hungary, the Diet had regained much of its old importance and the March Laws had been accepted. As Hungary was now an equal partner with Austria, the revolution could not be described as a complete failure.
18. [4-6] In some areas of Europe, the revolutions had little success. For instance, in Germany, Liberals and Nationalists met to draft a new constitution but failed. Prussian attempts to become leader of a united Germany were quashed by Austria.
19. [2-3] In France revolutionaries overthrew the monarch.
20. [2-3] Frederick William IV of Prussia introduced some liberal reforms.
21. [2-3] Charles Albert granted a constitution to the people of Piedmont-Sardinia.
22. [2-3] They were not successful because although some demands were initially granted, they were taken away later.
23. [2-3] The revolution led by Kossuth was brutally suppressed.
24. [1] The revolutions were inspired by nationalist ideas.