It was difficult to achieve a peaceful transition of power. DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940-c.1994

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] 'Joe Slovo was a member of the ANC.'
2. [1-4] 'He spent 27 years in exile.'
3. [1-4] 'He helped to establish Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK).'
4. [1-4] 'It was a paramilitary group.'
5. [1-4] 'It was the armed wing of the ANC.'
6. [1-4] 'He was one of the commanders of MK.'
7. [1-4] 'It was co-founded by Nelson Mandela.'
8. [1-4] 'Its first attacks on government installations were in December 1961.'
9. [1-4] 'Targets included police stations, courts, bars, power supplies.'
10. [1-4] 'It was classified as a terrorist group by the South African government and the USA.'
11. [1-4] 'It was banned by the South African government.'
12. [1-4] 'The MK set up bases in Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Namibia.'
13. [2-3] 'Some thought that the ANC were terrorists.'
14. [2-3] 'Some people were angry because de Klerk wanted to negotiate with the ANC.'
15. [2-3] 'Terre Blanche believed in white supremacy.'
16. [2-3] 'There was a split in the National Party and the new Conservative Party of South Africa was formed on the basis that it wanted to keep apartheid.'
17. [2-3] 'In 1987 the Conservative Party won 26% of the vote.'
18. [4-5] 'Eugene Terre Blanche was a white extremist and he formed the Afrikaner Resistance movement. He wanted to break away from South Africa and form an independent Boer-Afrikaner Republic which was based entirely on the idea of white supremacy.'
19. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons (e.g., opposition to negotiations with the ANC and desire for white supremacy).
20. [2-3] 'The security services used illegal methods, such as torture and murder.'
21. [2-3] 'Mandela thought the security forces used a 'Third Force' to stir up trouble between Inkatha and the ANC.'
22. [2-3] 'De Klerk had to convince many white people that apartheid had to come to an end.'
23. [2-3] 'Many of the ANC did not want talks with de Klerk.'
24. [2-3] 'Many of the ANC wanted to gain 'freedom' by the armed struggle.'
25. [2-3] 'Buthelezi wanted an independent state for Zulus.'
26. [2-3] 'There was fighting between the ANC and Inkatha.'
27. [4-6] 'De Klerk had a problem maintaining control over his own security forces. On a number of occasions, they took the law into their own hands and carried out arrests without warrants, killings, the use of torture, beatings, using electric shock treatment, kidnappings and other atrocities. As a result, this led to violence from many black communities because of this illegal treatment.'
28. [4-6] 'However, there were other issues facing the transition of power. Mandela's main problem concerned Chief Buthelezi, Prime Minister of KwaZulu and head of Inkatha. Buthelezi was a Zulu nationalist and hoped to make KwaZulu an independent state. This was at odds with Mandela's ambitions for a unified South Africa. Friction between the ANC and Inkatha often led to violence, testing the fragile relationship between Mandela and de Klerk.'
29. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
30. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)