There were many attempts to strengthen apartheid over the years. DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940-c.1994

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] 'Verwoerd's aim was to try and make apartheid work.'
2. [1-4] 'These Bantustans were intended to be the homelands for all black people.'
3. [1-4] 'The newly established regions were eventually intended to become self-governing.'
4. [1-4] 'In 1963, Transkei became the first Bantustan to have its own parliament elected by black people.'
5. [1-4] 'The policy aimed to eject all black people from white areas.'
6. [1-4] 'The Bantustans would become self-financing.'
7. [1-4] 'After a time, all black South Africans would live there and they would be excluded from the rest of South Africa.'
8. [2-3] 'It widened the definition of sabotage to include strikes, trade union activity, and writing slogans on walls.'
9. [2-3] 'The act assumed that the accused were guilty and had to prove their innocence.'
10. [2-3] 'Anyone charged under the Suppression of Communism Act could be arrested and placed under house arrest without trial.'
11. [2-3] 'Opposition to the government was becoming more violent.'
12. [2-3] 'The ANC and PAC had been banned but they formed militant groups and continued violent resistance.'
13. [2-3] 'The government wanted to remove the leaders of the ANC.'
14. [2-3] 'People could be imprisoned for 90 days without charge and with no access to a lawyer.'
15. [4-5] 'The act was passed to extend the power of the Minister of Justice so that he could take further action against those who were opposed to apartheid. Anyone who had been charged under the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 could now be banned from holding office. These people were referred to as statutory Communists, even though many of them had never been members of the Communist party. This included many of the people who had been responsible for the Freedom Charter.'
16. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons (e.g., to suppress opposition and extend state control over dissent).
17. [2-3] 'People hated the Pass Laws.'
18. [2-3] 'If you were found outside your area without your passbook, you could be sent to jail.'
19. [2-3] 'The Group Areas Act meant many people were forcibly removed from their homes.'
20. [2-3] 'The Separate Amenities Act meant non-white South Africans could not use the same facilities as whites and theirs were inferior.'
21. [2-3] 'The Bantu Education Act was designed to reinforce the idea that black children were inferior.'
22. [2-3] 'Schools were underfunded and there was little hope of further education or advancement.'
23. [4-6] 'The Pass Laws were important because they were hated by non-white people for segregating the population. The movement of the non-white population was limited and the passbook gave a person permission to be outside the compounds. However, this permission could be cancelled by any government employee. If you could not produce your passbook when it was requested, then you were likely to end up in jail. The passbooks were the most despised symbol of apartheid.'
24. [4-6] 'The Group Areas Act could be said to be the most important element of apartheid as this separated South Africa into racial areas with only one group allowed to live in each area. Because of this act, almost 3.5 million people (mostly non-white) were forced to move. The people who lived in Sophiatown were forcibly removed, even though many had owned land there for 30 years. The removals caused bitter resentment against the government. Added to this, the areas people were forced to move to lacked facilities, had very poor housing and were often overcrowded.'
25. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
26. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)