1848-49 was a period of turmoil in Europe.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] They wanted independence from Austrian control.
3. [1] Kossuth demanded the implementation of the 1847 reforms, which had been agreed by the Diet.
4. [1] Kossuth was a Magyar and believed that Croat and Slovak nationalism had no place in a new Hungary.
5. [1] Kossuth wanted to proclaim an independent republic of Hungary.
6. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
7. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
8. [4] Metternich fled Vienna in March 1848 because he was afraid that he would be killed by the revolutionaries. He was blamed for the repressive policies of the Habsburg government and therefore was a target for those who wished to overthrow the regime.
9. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
10. [1] Metternich's policies were hated.
11. [1] He was afraid he would be killed by the revolutionaries.
12. [1] Metternich was blamed for the repressive policies of the government.
13. [1] Revolution broke out in Austria.
14. [1] There was a conspiracy in the Imperial court to make Metternich resign.
15. [1] There were mass demonstrations in Vienna.
16. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
17. [1] Metternich was afraid so he ran away.
18. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
19. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
20. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
21. [4] In some ways Kossuth was responsible as he excluded groups who might have helped him. Kossuth could see no room in the new Hungary for Croat or Slovak nationalism and believed that there was no question of them gaining their independence from Hungary. The Croats reacted angrily and there was an invasion into Magyar territory secretly supported by Austria.
22. [4] However, the forces against Kossuth were strong. The Austrians asked the Russians for help in putting down the revolution. They had a huge army, so Kossuth's supporters were outnumbered.
23. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
24. [1] Kossuth excluded Croats and Slovaks.
25. [1] Austria secretly supported the Croats.
26. [1] The Austrians asked Russia for help.
27. [1] Russian involvement meant fighting a large army.
28. [1] Kossuth's forces were not experienced.
29. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
30. [1] Kossuth's support was weak.