Many measures were taken to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] It was a Soviet foreign policy.
2. [1] It was a policy introduced by Brezhnev who was the leader of the Soviet Union.
3. [1] It called on the Soviet Union to intervene directly in countries where socialist rule was under threat.
4. [1] The doctrine was a response to the Prague Spring.
5. [1] It was to stop Dubcek reforming his country.
6. [1] It led to Soviet forces invading Czechoslovakia.
7. [1] It was to stop other countries rebelling against Soviet control.
8. [1] The Wall was built to keep people in the East.
9. [1] To remove the attraction of the variety of goods in the shops of West Berlin.
10. [1] It was built to stop a 'brain drain' from the East.
11. [1] Ulbricht did not want ideas such as democracy spreading from the West.
12. [1] To stop comparison of conditions and living standards.
13. [1] To remove the idea of the East being unpopular.
14. [1] To hide the attraction of capitalism.
15. [Level 3/4 explanation example] The wall was built to prevent people from leaving the Eastern sector of Berlin and defecting to the West. Over 2.5 million East Germans had left between 1949 and 1961. Many of those leaving were the most skilled workers, such as engineers and teachers, and the East German government wanted to stop this to protect the economy in the East.
16. [1] There was a recession in Czechoslovakia.
17. [1] Hungary wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact.
18. [1] Both countries resented Communist control.
19. [1] Both wanted greater freedoms and rights for the people.
20. [1] Hungarians were inspired by the rebellion in Poland in 1956.
21. [1] Both wanted more control over the government of their own countries.
22. [Level 3 explanation example - Similar reasons] The uprisings had some similar causes. For instance, both countries resented Soviet rule. They wanted there to be more freedom and for people to have more rights. They wanted to reduce the control of the Communist state and improve living standards.
23. [Level 3 explanation example - Different reasons] There were some differences. The Hungarian uprising had been inspired by rebellions in Poland. The workers there had gained some concessions and this gave the Hungarians hope they could do the same. In Czechoslovakia, however, the rebellion was motivated more by economic concerns as the country was suffering from a deep recession.