Revolution brought many changes to Russia.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) It was a policy announced by Lenin.
2. [1] (a) It began in 1921.
3. [1] (a) It brought an end to War Communism.
4. [1] (a) It was less communist and more capitalist.
5. [1] (a) It attempted to regain the support of the peasants and gain support of the workers.
6. [1] (a) Its aim was to produce more food for the workers in the cities.
7. [1] (a) It allowed peasants to sell surplus grain on the open market.
8. [1] (a) It allowed some private ownership.
9. [1] (a) Private enterprise was allowed in trade and small-scale industry.
10. [1] (a) A regular system of taxation was introduced.
11. [1] (b) The sailors demanded new elections.
12. [1] (b) The government had to change its ways.
13. [1] (b) The sailors had been important supporters of the revolution.
14. [1] (b) They wanted the end of dictatorship.
15. [1] (b) They wanted freedom for trade unions.
16. [5] (b) The mutiny was important because the sailors had played an important role in the Revolution and the Civil War. They thought they had fought against repression and dictatorship traits which were now being shown by the Soviet government through policies such as requisitioning. Their opposition was taken seriously by the government.
17. [1] (c) The Provisional Government was overthrown because it continued with the war.
18. [1] (c) Kerensky's offensive failed.
19. [1] (c) The war led to food shortages.
20. [1] (c) The Provisional Government could not depend on the support of the army.
21. [1] (c) The Provisional Government failed to control the peasants and their actions over land ownership.
22. [1] (c) The Provisional Government failed to realise the distribution of land was an urgent problem.
23. [1] (c) The Provisional Government was not helped with the situation of 'dual power' caused by the existence of the Petrograd Soviet.
24. [1] (c) The loyalties of both workers and soldiers were with the Petrograd Soviet.
25. [1] (c) The Provisional Government armed the Bolsheviks to tackle Kerensky's forces.
26. [1] (c) Poor conditions at home led to poor morale.
27. [5] (c) Failure to end the war was an important reason for the failure of the Provisional Government. The war effort was failing and thousands of soldiers were deserting from the army. Kerensky rallied the army for the June Offensive but it was a disaster. Riots followed and further desertions. Without the support of the army the Provisional Government would be unable to withstand attempts to overthrow it.
28. [5] (c) There were other problems which faced the Provisional Government. The failure to deal with land reform made politicians appear to lack understanding of the situation facing the peasants. The Provisional Government waited to take action until after the elections, but this did not address the needs of the peasants.
29. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).