Bringing peace to the Middle East has proved challenging.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Likud have pursued the goal of creating a 'Greater Israel'.
2. [1] Likud deny the claims of Jordan or the Palestinians to the West Bank.
3. [1] Labor believed that Israel's security would be preserved with a resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
4. [1] Labor negotiated with Jordan over the West Bank in 1947 and 1967.
5. [1] Likud will not recognise the Palestinians' rights to an independent state.
6. [1] Likud believe in expanding the settlements in the Occupied Territories.
7. [1] Labor recognised the PLO and its leader Yasser Arafat.
8. [1] The Intifada started in December 1987.
9. [1] The Intifada lasted for three years.
10. [1] Palestine was declared independent in 1988.
11. [1] Hamas, Fatah and Hezbollah all have different aims.
12. [1] Israeli reprisals were severe.
13. [1] Sheikh Ahmed Yassin created Hamas from the Gaza wing of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
14. [1] There had been uprisings across the Arab world and these inspired the Palestinians.
15. [1] Some groups decided that peaceful means were not working.
16. [4-5] The Palestinian conflict became more intense after 1988 because the Intifada had started at the beginning of December 1987. Palestinians began general strikes, riots and civil disobedience campaigns across the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This uprising of youths in Gaza and the West Bank provoked a furious backlash from Israel. This provoked further resentment, and more violence, in the occupied territories.
17. [1] The UN has been accused of having an anti-Israeli bias.
18. [1] The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council each have a different focus.
19. [1] The UNEF withdrew from Egypt in 1967.
20. [1] UNWRA has looked after the refugees.
21. [1] The role of the UN decreased as American intervention in the Middle East increased.
22. [1] In 1978, the UNIFL oversaw the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon.
23. [1] The UN has tried and failed to address the issue of Palestine.
24. [7-9] In some ways the UN has not been successful as the UN has been divided over which approach to take. The UN General Assembly has passed many resolutions which address the 'Palestinian problem' or the refugee crisis, but the Security Council has been unable to bring lasting peace to the area. Many of the peacekeeping missions, such as in Suez in 1967, ended in failure. Many Lebanese and Palestinian civilians died in the war which followed Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982.
25. [7-9] In some ways the UN has been successful in its efforts. The UN has provided humanitarian relief in the region. UNWRA has provided relief for the refugees from the 1948 war and established camps to house, provide education and offer healthcare to displaced Palestinians.