Apartheid was established during the 1950s and 1960s.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] White people, black people and others were to live in separate racial areas.
2. [1] The whole of South Africa was to be divided into racial areas.
3. [1] The impact of the law was to exclude black people from living in the most developed areas.
4. [1] It caused many black people to have to commute large distances to work.
5. [1] The law led to many black people being forcibly removed for living in the 'wrong' areas.
6. [1] The white minority owned most of the country.
7. [1] Black people had to carry pass books to enter 'white' parts of the country.
8. [1] It was the centrepiece of Prime Minister Verwoerd's vision.
9. [1] His vision was for an all-white dominated South Africa.
10. [1] It created eight Bantustans, based on the original African reserves.
11. [1] These Bantustans were intended to be the homelands for all black people.
12. [1] The newly established regions were eventually intended to become self-governing.
13. [1] The Bantustans consisted of only 13% of the land area.
14. [1] It was a means of separating white and black people.
15. [4-5] The Act was introduced because Verwoerd wanted to create an all-white South Africa. The creation of Bantustans provided a way for the government to eject all black people from white areas who were not employed or needed for the functioning of the economy. This meant that women, children, the old and the unemployed were driven out to live on the black reserves or homelands.
16. [1] The Defiance Campaign increased the ANC membership.
17. [1] 8000 people went to jail for defying apartheid laws.
18. [1] People demonstrated against the Pass Laws at Sharpeville.
19. [1] The demonstration was not violent, but the police shot and killed 69 people.
20. [1] There was an increase in demonstrations against the government in 1960.
21. [1] The Defiance Campaign led to black people becoming more confident to protest.
22. [1] Resistance to apartheid had little impact in the 1960s.
23. [7-9] Sharpeville was important in creating opposition to apartheid. In March 1960, peaceful demonstrations against the pass laws were organised by the PAC. One of these took place outside a police station at Sharpeville. The police fired on the crowd and 69 people were killed and almost 200 wounded. Many had been shot while running away. This caused outrage and further demonstrations followed. However, the reaction of the government was swift, and both the ANC and PAC were banned.
24. [7-9] The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was probably more important in the resistance to apartheid because it resulted in the membership of the ANC increasing from 7000 to 100 000. The Campaign gave confidence to the opponents of the government that further mass protest could bring political changes. It was important because it was the largest non-violent resistance ever seen in South Africa and the first campaign pursued jointly by all racial groups under the leadership of the ANC and the South African Indian Congress.