In the 1950s and 1960s the apartheid system was strengthened.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] It reinforced their sense of superiority.
2. [1] It made them more equal with English speaking white South Africans.
3. [1] It allowed them to gain a foothold in English speaking industries such as mining.
4. [1] It allowed them to live in the most desirable areas.
5. [1] The National Party promoted Afrikaners to key positions.
6. [1] They gained control of much of the civil service and local government.
7. [1] Many joined the police force, which was a strong source of support for white supremacy.
8. [1] The Broederbond were promoted to important positions such as the Ministry of Native Affairs.
9. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
10. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. The Pan Africanist Congress was formed because its leader, Robert Sobukwe, thought that the African National Congress was too cautious in its approach. He was disappointed by their lack of success and wanted more dramatic action. Whereas the ANC wanted single-day marches against the Pass Laws, Sobukwe wanted mass disobedience. He wanted demonstrators to be arrested to draw attention to the plight of Africans.)
11. [1] Sobukwe thought the African National Congress was too cautious in their approach.
12. [1] The PAC was formed to represent the interests of Africans.
13. [1] Sobukwe thought the ANC was too heavily influenced by communism.
14. [1] The PAC wanted to fight purely for the rights of Africans rather than other groups.
15. [1] The group was formed because some activists were disappointed with the lack of success of the ANC.
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
17. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
18. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
19. [3] The Bantu Education Act made black children pay for their education in schools which were sub-standard. 30% had no electricity and 25% no running water. They had few textbooks and only one third of teachers were trained. In comparison, white education was well funded with high quality facilities, materials and teachers. Education was free for white children and the difference between the two systems underlined the fact that black children were considered inferior under apartheid.
20. [3] The Pass system was more important in enforcing apartheid. The Pass was a book which had to be shown on demand and applied to all non-white men over 16 years. It was resented because white South Africans did not have to carry one. The Pass contained information about when a non-white person could work in a white area and how long they could be there. It helped the government enforce apartheid because it helped them control where non-white people lived and worked.
21. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
22. [1] The Bantu Education Act meant that black children went to very poor schools.
23. [1] The Pass Laws restricted where non-white people could work and this limited their opportunities.
24. [1] The Separate Amenities Act meant that races were separated in public areas and transport.
25. [1] The Group Areas Act divided South Africa into racial areas.