Section A: European option France, 1774-1814 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A There is only one means of defence for you. That which I have recommended so many times: a general uprising and executions. Begin then by making sure of the king and the royal family: put them under a strong guard and let their heads answer for events. Follow this up by cutting off, without hesitation, the generals' heads, and those of the counter-revolutionary ministers and ex-ministers; those of the mayor and the anti-revolutionary municipal councillors. Then, put all the counter-revolutionaries in the National Assembly, all the known supporters of despotism, on the edge of the sword. I tell you again, this is the only way for you to save the country. Six months ago, five or six hundred heads would have been enough. Today, because you have stupidly let your enemies conspire among themselves and gather strength, perhaps we will have to cut off five or six thousand. But even if it needs twenty thousand, there is no time for hesitation. From an article written by Marat in December 1790. Source B You are no longer my king, no longer my king! You are nothing but a cowardly deserter. A king should be the father of the people, not its executioner. Now that the nation has resumed its rights it will not be so stupid as to take back a coward like you. You, king? You are not even a citizen. You will be lucky to avoid leaving your head on a scaffold for having sought the slaughter of so many men. I don't doubt that once again you are going to pretend to be honest and that, supported by those scoundrels on the constitutional committee, you are going to promise miracles. They would be prepared to stick the crown on the head of a monkey. But no, that will not happen! There is an outcry against you, 'No more kings!' This is what every citizen is shouting, and, besides, even if the Assembly want to pardon you all your crimes, what trust could now be placed in you? From an article in the radical journal ‘Le Père Duchesne' published in Paris, June 1791. This was after the King's failed Flight to Varennes. Source C [Figure: A French cartoon published in June 1791. The caption read, ‘The family of pigs being brought back to the farmyard'.] Source D The Society of Friends of the Rights of Man considers that a nation must do everything, either by itself or through removable officers chosen by it. The Society considers that no single individual in the state should possess enough wealth and power to be able to corrupt the agents of the political administration. It believes that there should be no employment in the state that is not accessible to all the members of that state. Convinced of the greatness of these principles, it can no longer close its eyes to the fact that monarchy, above all hereditary monarchy, is incompatible with liberty. We anticipate that such a proposition will give rise to a host of opponents. Nevertheless, this issue deserves serious debate by the legislators. They have already messed up the revolution once because of lingering regard for the illusion of monarchy. Let us, therefore, act without fear and without terror, and try not to bring it back to life. From a petition by the Cordeliers Club, July 1791. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Both sources agree that the King should lose his position. Source A argues that he should 'answer with his head' for events and Source D says his position is not compatible with the Rights of Man and that the monarchy should be ended once and for all.
2. [1] Both suggest that the aims of the revolutionaries have become more radical. Source A refers to things not being taken far enough in the first place. The terror recommended will be on a wider scale. Source D calls for an end to the monarchy, implying a more radical position.
3. [1] Differences about how the next steps should be taken. Source D is more forward looking in its aims than Source A which aims to simply remove anyone who can be considered ‘counter-revolutionary'. In Source D the aim looks beyond this and proposes a more legal justification for its ideas. Source D wants to see a meritocracy where all positions are 'accessible to all members of that state.'
4. [1] Methods: the way the revolutionaries hope to secure their aims is different. In Source D the revolution will be achieved by legal process and deserves 'serious debate by legislators'. However, in Source A, Marat advocates the use of terror to secure the revolution.
5. [1] Source A was written only a year after the revolution began. At a time when the Constituent Assembly were debating a new constitution, this is a bloodthirsty response which suggests 'stupidity' on the part of the people and the Assembly.
6. [1] The petition by the Cordeliers was presented to the National Constituent Assembly, in the aftermath of the Flight to Varennes, when 30 000 people marched to the Assembly to support the ideas it contained.
7. [1] Contextual knowledge of Marat's attitude and beliefs can show why his views are more radical than those expressed in Source D.
8. [1] The purpose of the sources could be used to explain their differences. Source A is trying to rouse revolutionary fervour against any counter-revolutionary threat and advocates violence.
9. [1] The Cordeliers, presenting a petition, to the Assembly give a legal, reasoned argument about why hereditary monarchy is wrong. This was less frightening than the views expressed in A and may have won wider support.
10. [1] The similarities could be explained by use of contextual knowledge to address the idea that the revolution has somehow stalled and needs to be righted.
11. [1] Likewise, the determination to end the monarchy could be explained by references to the authorship of Source A and the context of Source D.
12. [1] Accept any other valid responses.
13. [1] Source B: This article from a radical newspaper was written just after the King's capture and return to Paris. It refers to him as a coward and deserter who has lost all trust. The source also implies that this is a widely held view and that the people in general want ‘No more kings!' which means the end of the monarchy.
14. [1] Source C: This illustration shows how irreparably damaged the reputation of the monarchy was by the Flight to Varennes and implies that all respect for Louis had vanished.
15. [1] Source D: The timing of this source suggests it was influenced by the flight.
16. [1] Source A: This source challenges the view as it shows that there was already support for republican ideas in 1790. Marat talks of putting the royal family under strong guard and letting 'their heads answer for events.' Not only does he want an end to the monarchy but also sees terror as necessary to protect the revolution.
17. [1] Source D: Although there is some support in this source in terms of its timing, the argument presented is based on the Rights of Man which pre-date the flight to Varennes and suggest that ideas about equality and liberty which meant bringing an end to the monarchy were already popular.
18. [1] Source A: Candidates could use their knowledge of Marat to evaluate this source. Marat was a radical and he established a newspaper in which he criticised opponents of the Revolution and the Constituent Assembly. He became a member of the Cordeliers. His views may be considered more radical than those of most of the population.
19. [1] Source B: The newspaper which published this source had been a strong critic of the nobility and clergy until the Flight to Varennes when the radical journalist Hébert turned his wrath on the royal family instead. Although the tone and purpose of the source might be considered to weaken it as evidence, contextual knowledge of Louis' behaviour in June 1790 and the popular reaction can be used to assess the claims the source makes.
20. [1] Source C: Although this is a cartoon with a purpose of satirising the royal family it shows the depth to which their popularity had sunk. It can be cross referenced to contextual knowledge and other sources to assess how valid an interpretation of public opinion it presented.
21. [1] Source D: The source has a clear purpose in trying to persuade the Assembly to abolish the monarchy. Candidates can use their knowledge of the political clubs and the Rights of Man and the Citizen to evaluate the claims which it makes.
22. [1] Accept any other valid responses.