1848 was a year of great upheaval in Europe.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] A revolution began.
2. [1] Sicilians rebelled against their French rulers.
3. [1] The revolution was centred around Palermo.
4. [1] There was a popular uprising as Bourbon rule was widely hated.
5. [1] Sicilian nobles introduced a constitution based on democracy.
6. [1] A Parliament was established.
7. [1] Vincenzo Fardella was elected President.
8. [1] Messina remained loyal to France.
9. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
10. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. Violence broke out because the workers in Paris were angry that the National Workshops had been closed. These provided work for over 100 000 people but were unpopular with some elements of French society as they resented paying taxes to support the unemployed. Therefore, the Party of Order closed the workshops on 21 June.)
11. [1] The National Workshops were closed.
12. [1] Those who used the workshops were told to join the army or go home.
13. [1] There was anger that support for the workers had been removed.
14. [1] Almost 200 000 citizens of Paris came out into the streets to erect barricades.
15. [1] People objected to the change of policy by the government.
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
17. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
18. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
19. [3] In some areas of Europe, the revolutions were a failure. For instance, in Prussia, Liberals and Nationalists met to draft a new constitution but failed because they could not agree. Prussian attempts to become a leader of a united Germany failed because they were quashed by Austria.
20. [3] Some of the revolutions had lasting success. The brief period of Magyar rule in Hungary was not in vain. By 1867, Magyar was the official language of Hungary, the Diet had regained much of its old importance and the March Laws had been accepted. Hungary was now an equal partner with Austria.
21. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
22. [1] Although some demands were initially granted, they were taken away later.
23. [1] The revolution led by Kossuth was brutally suppressed.
24. [1] Prussian attempts to become leader of a united Germany were quashed by Austria.
25. [1] Frederick refused the crown and sent in troops.
26. [1] In France revolutionaries overthrew the monarch.
27. [1] Frederick William IV of Prussia introduced some liberal reforms.
28. [1] Charles Albert granted a constitution to the people of Piedmont-Sardinia.