The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) has achieved mixed results.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. The PLO was formed in 1964.
3. It was formed from Al-Fatah and other Palestinian groups.
4. Al-Fatah was the Palestine National Liberation Movement which formed in 1959 and became the basis of the PLO.
5. It was formed by people who lived in the refugee camps.
6. It was a resistance group which aimed to return to the Palestinian homeland.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
10. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
11. e.g. 'Some Arab states did not want to support the PLO because they were concerned about their violent methods. In Jordan, King Hussein feared the Israeli reprisals which followed Palestinian attacks that were launched from his country. Members of the PLO were acting as if they ruled much of Jordan. When the PLO blew up a hijacked British plane in Jordan, Hussein expelled the PLO.'
12. e.g. 'The PLO was ejected from Jordan and Lebanon.'
13. 'Refugees were a problem for Arab States.'
14. 'Supporting the PLO brought reprisal raids from Israel.'
15. 'The PLO fell out with Egypt.'
16. 'Arab States did not like the violent PLO methods.'
17. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
18. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
19. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
20. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
21. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
22. e.g. 'To start with, the PLO found it difficult to win international support. Partly this was due to their tactics of using violence to achieve their aims. However, they were recognised as the voice of the Palestinian people by the Arab League in 1974 and attended meetings at the UN. They gained considerable support from the Asian and African states in the UN.'
23. OR e.g. 'Israeli actions increased international support for the Palestinian people. When Israel invaded Lebanon, against the orders of the UN, states such as Jordan and the United States began to reconsider their position towards the PLO and began to discuss the possibility of a resolution of the refugee issue.'
24. e.g. 'The PLO used violent methods.'
25. 'They were recognised by the Arab League.'
26. 'The UN listened to the PLO's needs.'
27. 'Israeli treatment of the refugees and people in the camps was internationally condemned.'
28. 'The Israeli invasion of Lebanon helped the PLO to gain international support.'