The First World War was fought on many fronts.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] They landed on the beach and were directly in the line of fire of the Turkish machine gunners.
2. [1] They suffered heavy casualties on the beach.
3. [1] They were dropped off at the wrong place and were faced with steep cliffs.
4. [1] They suffered from the great heat and shortage of water.
5. [1] They were trapped on the beaches.
6. [1] Disease quickly spread through the troops.
7. [1] They suffered floods and very cold weather.
8. [1] They attempted a second attack in August but little progress was made.
9. [1] They withdrew in November after suffering heavy casualties.
10. [1] The danger from Russia meant the Germans leaving more troops in the east.
11. [1] The threat from Russia led to a change and weakening of the Schlieffen Plan.
12. [1] Russia entering the war quickly put more pressure on Germany advancing quickly in the west.
13. [1] Germany had to fight on two fronts.
14. [1] Early Russian advances meant Germany had to send reinforcements to the east.
15. [1] Russia's participation in the war led to much suffering and dissatisfaction in Russia.
16. [1] Russia's participation led to the fall of the Tsar and the Bolshevik Revolution.
17. [4-5] Explanation: Russia's rapid mobilization forced Germany to fight on two fronts, disrupting its Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France first. This diversion of troops and early Russian advances put pressure on Germany's Western Front.
18. [1] The blockade of Germany led to food riots in Germany.
19. [1] The blockade of Germany led to Germany running out of food and supplies for its armaments.
20. [1] The blockade of Germany forced Germany to ask for an armistice.
21. [1] The U-boat campaign was defeated by the use of convoys.
22. [1] The U-boat campaign led to Britain having little food.
23. [1] The U-boat campaign led to Britain having to introduce rationing in 1917.
24. [1] The U-boat campaign was defeated by the use of mines in the North Sea.
25. [4-6] Argument for blockade effectiveness: The British blockade severely impacted Germany's ability to feed its people and supply its army, leading to food shortages, riots, and ultimately pressuring the government to seek an armistice.
26. [4-6] Argument for U-boat campaign importance: The German unrestricted U-boat campaign was initially highly effective, sinking hundreds of merchant ships and causing severe food shortages in Britain, leading to rationing in 1917, highlighting Britain's vulnerability.