Apartheid was established and firmly enforced by South African governments.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] (a) e.g. 'Mandela and others were put on trial for acts of sabotage.'
2. '(a) Mandela and seven other defendants were given life sentences for treason.'
3. '(a) Mandela gave a speech during the trial which had a great impact on many people.'
4. '(a) His imprisonment meant he became a symbol of resistance.'
5. '(a) It was a severe blow to Umkhonto (MK).'
6. [4-5] (b) There was a national campaign by PAC against the pass laws. Africans were encouraged to leave their pass books at home and gather outside their local police stations. This happened outside the police station at Sharpeville but the police shot at them.
7. [2-3] (b) e.g. 'PAC was holding demonstrations against the pass laws outside the police station at Sharpeville.'
8. '(b) The government had introduced laws that outlawed any public meetings that the government did not like.'
9. '(b) The police tried to arrest a protester and the crowd surged forward.'
10. '(b) The police panicked and fired on the crowd, killing people.'
11. '(b) Some of the police were young and inexperienced.'
12. [4-6] (c) 'I agree with this. It did a lot to separate the different racial groups living in South Africa. It divided the country into racial areas and allowed only one group to live in each area. Those living in the wrong area had to move. This usually meant that black South Africans had to move, as in Sophiatown, where the people were forcibly moved. It was important because it separated the South African people from each other and made it clear what the government's aims were.'
13. OR
14. '(c) I disagree with this statement. I think the act about passes was more important. This strengthened the pass laws. It only applied to black South Africans. They had to carry their passes with them all the time. The pass would include information about their address, their employment record and their photograph and fingerprints. If they did not have it on them, they could be sent to prison. Hundreds of thousands were arrested for this reason. It was important as a way of controlling black South Africans and making it clear that they were regarded as second class citizens.'
15. [2-3] (c) e.g. 'Sexual relations between white and non-white people were banned.'
16. '(c) Black South Africans were arrested if they did not carry their passes on them.'
17. '(c) Black South Africans were banned from remaining in urban areas longer than 72 hours.'
18. '(c) Only white South Africans could vote in national elections.'
19. '(c) Black children were taught a different curriculum.'
20. '(c) Less was spent on schools for black children.'
21. '(c) Bantustans were set up.'
22. '(c) The Act separated different races into different parts of South Africa.'
23. '(c) People, mainly black South Africans, were forcibly moved into the 'right' areas.'