(a) Study Fig. 6.1, which is information about melting ice. When Glacier National Park in the USA was established in 1910, there were 150 glaciers (a glacier is a slow moving mass or river of ice). Since then the number has decreased to fewer than 30, and most of those remaining have shrunk in area by two-thirds. Most scientists believe that human activity, in particular the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the atmosphere to become warmer and caused ice to melt. The ice on Mt Kilimanjaro has reduced by more than 80% since 1912. Glaciers in parts of the Himalayas are retreating so fast that researchers believe that most central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could virtually disappear by 2035. Arctic sea ice has thinned and its area has reduced by about 10% in the past 30 years. When temperatures rise and ice melts, more water flows to the seas from glaciers and ice caps. Rising temperatures also cause ocean water to warm and expand in volume. This has increased average global sea level by between 10 and 20 centimetres in the past hundred years. [Figure 6.1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a)(i) Coal/oil/(natural) gas/lignite/peat
2. [2] (a)(ii) Ideas such as: Melting/shrinking/retreating glaciers (or example)/less glaciers; Arctic sea ice has thinned/the area of it has reduced; Sea level has risen/more water in the sea; Less ice on Mt Kilimanjaro
3. [3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: Gives off greenhouse gases/carbon dioxide; Which build up in atmosphere/makes a blanket; Heat/sun's rays can pass through; Heat cannot escape/traps heat; (enhanced) greenhouse effect; So temperatures/global warming increases
4. [4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: Threat to wildlife/extinction of species/reduced biodiversity/animals die; Impacts on food chains/destruction of ecosystems; Habitat loss; Flooding of coastal lowlands/areas/islands/cities; Loss of cultivable land/farmland/settlement/people are displaced; Increasing cost of coastal protection; Soils become swampy/saline; Less freshwater supply from glaciers/in mountainous areas; Loss of income from tourism on glaciers/in mountainous areas;
5. [3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: (General) reduction/decrease/it has declined; Especially reduction/decrease since 1960s/1970s/below average in 1970s/1980s; Fluctuation; (stated not implied) Increase/above average 1920s/1930s/1940s/1950s Note: Not a single year or anomalies
6. [5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: Cultivation in marginal areas; Over cultivation; Less humus to bind the soil; Leaves areas unprotected/subject to soil erosion/removal by wind; Deforestation/excessive fuel wood collection; Removes protective vegetation cover from the soil/less roots to bind soil; Overgrazing/trampling of cattle; Causes deterioration of pasture; Removal/extraction of water (from underground)/for industry/for agriculture Leads to death of vegetation; Use of manure as fuel
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe methods used to manage environmental risks of chosen economic activity. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe methods used to manage environmental risks of chosen economic activity. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Methods will vary depending on the economic activity chosen but are likely to include: Legislation National Parks Nature Reserves Specific measures e.g. fencing etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Names of places/species within chosen area Specific details of methods