(a) Study Fig. 3, a map showing the population of the largest cities in India in 2008. [Fig. 3 is a map of India with various cities marked (New Delhi, Lucknow, Jaipur, Kanpur, Ahmadabad, Surat, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Nagpur). For each city, a bar chart shows its 'total city population (millions)' and 'Population living in squatter settlements (millions)'. The scale for population (millions) goes up to 12. Key: - total city population (light bar) - Population living in squatter settlements (darker bar) Selected populations (total city / squatter settlement in millions): - Mumbai: ~11.8 / ~6 - Kolkata: ~10.5 / ~4 - New Delhi: ~8.8 / ~2.5 - Bangalore: ~6.2 / ~0.5 - Chennai: ~4.5 / ~0.5 - Hyderabad: ~4 / ~0.2 - Pune: ~3.5 / ~0.5 - Ahmadabad: ~3.5 / ~0.5 - Surat: ~2.8 / ~0.2 - Jaipur: ~2.5 / ~0.2 - Kanpur: ~2.8 / ~0.1 - Lucknow: ~2.3 / ~0.1 - Nagpur: ~2.1 / ~0.1] (b) Study Photograph A (Insert), along with Fig. 4, which gives information about three plans being considered by the authorities of the city shown in the photograph to reduce the number of squatter settlements. [Photograph A (Insert) would show an image of a city with squatter settlements.] [Fig. 4 is a table showing three plans: - Plan 1: Provide low cost housing with basic amenities and services on the edge of the city. - Plan 2: Employ more police to remove people from squatter settlements, and teams of council workers to clear the land. - Plan 3: Give yearly grants to farmers in the countryside so they can buy machines, fertilizers and irrigation pumps.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) 12 million/11.8 million (Must state million)
2. [2] (a) (ii) Mumbai.... (New) Delhi... Bangalore... Lucknow 2 marks for all 4 in correct positions 1 mark for 2/3 in correct positions
3. [3] (a) (iii) Ideas such as: inadequate housing stock/not enough houses; rapid increase of population/lots of migrants; lack of local authority investment/Government can't afford; poverty of people/cannot afford to buy houses/unemployed/working for low wages; able to build them themselves; etc
4. [3] (b) (i) Amenities such as: water tank on roof/piped water/running water/taps/clean water/showers; electricity/lights; sanitation/sewage disposal/toilets; refuse collection/disposal; clinics/hospitals/send doctors or nurses; schools/education/training/skills; improved roads/communications/(building) public transport; etc
5. [4] (b) (ii) Ideas such as: it is extreme/harsh/against human rights/cruel/forced to move/forced out of homes; encourage violence/resentment/rioting; displaced people will have nowhere to live; lose all possessions/belongings; they will build squatter settlements elsewhere/live on streets; it does not solve the problem long term; it will be very expensive/funds could be put to more constructive use/some people think it is a waste of money; strong community spirit is lost; reflects badly on government or country; etc
6. [5] (b) (iii) Ideas such as: it will solve the problem in the long term; as the rural areas will become more attractive places to live (dev); less people will move to the cities; as they will be able to increase output of food (dev)/more food(dev); and sell produce (dev); thus bringing in money to rural areas(dev); it may encourage people from cities to move back to rural areas; which will trigger development (dev); etc NB: No marks for disadvantages of plans 1 and 2.
7. [7] (c) Levels of response marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain reasons for rural to urban migration, either pulls or pushes. (e.g. more jobs, better services, not enough food, better standard of living/quality of life, poverty, better housing, better schools, better healthcare etc) Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example (must have 1 example) More developed statements which explain reasons for rural to urban migration, either pulls or pushes. (e.g. more jobs in the informal sector/factories/or examples, well paid jobs, greater access to range of services or examples such as schools/hospitals/clinics, can buy food from markets/shops, housing with electricity/gas; etc) NB Max 5 if no named example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses 2 named examples. (e.g. Caatinga to Rio de Janeiro) Comprehensive, accurate statements, referring to both pulls and pushes. (e.g. some farmland in Caatinga unproductive due to drought, people living in countryside lost best quality agricultural land by Sao Franciso river when reservoirs were been built, they can make money in informal sector by offering shoe shine/selling fruit on Copacabana Beach, the city offers hope e.g. basic concrete houses are being built with piped water and sewage pipes, even in the favelas such as Rocinha the people have better access to primary health care than in the countryside) NB: Must refer to both pulls and pushes for L3.