(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the population of Canada (an MEDC). Between 1960 and 2006 the Canadian population increased from 18 million to 33 million. This increase took place even though the birth rate was low, as there was an average of 250,000 immigrants per year. In 2006, 19.8% of Canadians were born in another country. One third of all immigrants moved to the city of Toronto. [Figure 1] (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about the origin of migrants to Canada. [Figure 2]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Immigration/250,000 immigrants per year/due to migration into Canada;
2. [1] Ideas such as: employment/jobs/high pay;
3. [1] entertainments/bright lights (or example);
4. [1] education/schools/colleges/universities;
5. [1] health care/doctors/clinics;
6. [1] brick built housing/housing with electricity/running water/toilets;
7. [1] etc.
8. [1] Ideas such as: availability of contraception/family planning;
9. [1] can afford contraception/family planning;
10. [1] educated how to use contraceptives;
11. [1] availability of abortions;
12. [1] women have careers;
13. [1] education/emancipation of women;
14. [1] high cost of children;
15. [1] lack of religious influences;
16. [1] later marriages;
17. [1] low infant mortality rate;
18. [1] look after them in old age/have pensions;
19. [1] etc.
20. [1] By 2006 there were: a greater percentage/increased from Asia/lower percentage in Asia in 1971;
21. [1] lower percentage from Europe;
22. [1] a greater percentage from Africa;
23. [1] lower percentage from United States;
24. [1] lower percentage from Oceania;
25. [1] 1971 most came from Europe but in 2006 most came from Asia idea max 1.
26. [1] Less from MEDC's in 2006/more from LEDC's in 2006;
27. NB: Must have comparison.
28. No marks for statistics without interpretation.
29. Can accept converse in each line.
30. [1] Ideas such as: enlarges labour force/more workers;
31. [1] cheap labour/low wages;
32. [1] people will do jobs locals will not do/dirty jobs/unsociable/long hours/or examples;
33. [1] skilled labour (or example – doctors/engineers)/bring new skills;
34. [1] cultural exchange/multi-cultural society/learn different languages;
35. [1] specific services set up (or example – Chinese restaurants etc.);
36. [1] learn different languages;
37. [1] pay taxes/government has enough money to pay pensions/or set up services;
38. [1] open up businesses to provide work;
39. [1] Ideas such as: lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience;
40. [1] some cannot speak the language;
41. [1] some are doing low paid jobs;
42. [1] some are unable to obtain employment/no enough jobs;
43. [1] unable to buy homes/overcrowding;
44. [1] some may have to live away from their families;
45. [1] discrimination may occur/racism/cultural conflict;
46. [1] illegal migrants live in fear of deportation/may be deported;
47. [1] poor access to services/or examples;
48. [1] exploitation by employers;
49. [1] high cost of living;
50. [1] hard to adapt to local culture or examples;
51. [1] etc.
52. NB: only 1 development mark per idea e.g. do not credit multiple development ideas from 1 idea.
53. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain the push factors which have caused international migration.
54. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain the push factors which have caused international migration.
55. (NB. Max. 5 if no named example or inappropriate example)
56. Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference.
57. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; Lack of work, Poverty, Natural hazards/disasters, Poor educational facilities, Lack of health care/disease etc.
58. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country/locational detail, Population, data, etc.
59. NB: Do not credit pull factors.