O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/13 · May/June 2013 · Q225 Marks
(a) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about households in five boroughs of New York, a city in the USA (MEDC). Bronx: Average (mean) annual income per household (US) 46000, Percentage of households which are very poor 27, Percentage of households with residents not born in the USA 29 Brooklyn: Average (mean) annual income per household (US) 60000, Percentage of households which are very poor 22, Percentage of households with residents not born in the USA 38 Manhattan: Average (mean) annual income per household (US) 121000, Percentage of households which are very poor 17, Percentage of households with residents not born in the USA 30 Queens: Average (mean) annual income per household (US) 67000, Percentage of households which are very poor 12, Percentage of households with residents not born in the USA 49 Staten Island: Average (mean) annual income per household (US$) 81000, Percentage of households which are very poor 10, Percentage of households with residents not born in the USA 21 [Figure 2]
- (a)(i)Complete Fig. 3 below, which shows the percentage of households which are very poor, by shading Manhattan. [Figure 3][1]
- (a)(ii)Name: A The borough with the highest average (mean) annual income per household; B The borough with the highest percentage of households with residents not born in the USA.[2]
- (a)(iii)To what extent is there a relationship between the percentage of households which are very poor and the average (mean) annual income per household? Use data from Fig. 2 to support your answer.[3]
- (a)(iv)Suggest what problems are faced by people not born in the USA living in large urban areas like New York.[4]
- (b)(i)Describe three different problems caused by air pollution in cities in MEDCs such as New York.[3]
- (b)(ii)Explain why there are high levels of air pollution in many cities.[5]
- (c)For a named urban area which you have studied describe the main features of one of the following land use zones: Inner city Outer suburbs Rural-urban fringe Name of urban area Chosen land use zone .[7]
This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.
Mark scheme
Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.
- [1] (a)(i) On map
- [2] (a)(ii) A: Manhattan B: Queens
- [3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: generally relationship is inverse/greater % of very poor households the lower the mean income is; lowest mean income highest in Bronx $46000 and highest % in poverty 27%; anomaly/mean income highest in Manhattan $121 000 but % of very poor households 17% than in Queens/Staten Island etc. NB can use comparative statements such as higher/highest, lower/lowest if don't use statistics.
- [4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience; many cannot speak the language; many are doing low paid jobs; some are unable to obtain employment/not enough jobs; thus are unable to buy homes/live in poor conditions/overcrowding; some may have to live away from their families; discrimination may occur/racism; some may have entered illegally; poor access to services/or examples/cannot afford services or examples; exploitation by employers; adjusting to culture; adjusting to urban life; etc.
- [3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: smog/poor visibility; breathing difficulties/asthma/chest complaints/skin/eye irritation; dirt on washing; discoloration of statues/stonework/weathering/corroding; smells; acid rain/global warming; tourists put off; etc.
- [5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: vehicle exhausts/emissions/cars/traffic; containing carbon monoxide/sulphur dioxide (dev); factories/power stations/refineries/industry; burning coal/oil/fossil fuels; release smoke/soot/chemicals (dev); chemical fumes from factories; smoke from domestic fires; smoke from burning rubbish; smoke from nearby forest buyers; not many trees in cities/trees can help reduce air pollution; etc.
- [7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements describing the main features of either inner city, outer suburbs or rural-urban fringe, including some place specific reference. Answers are likely to refer to factors such as: housing; industry; open space; services; transport.
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