Re-read paragraphs 2 and 7, which contain expressions about the trees in the garden. Give: • the meaning of each expression as it is used in the passage • the effect of each expression as it is used in the passage.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. Meaning: [1] (the trees) were blocking (out) / taking (away) / hiding / the sun / light / sunlight / sunshine // (the trees) were not allowing / not permitting / preventing the sun / light / sunshine (to reach the olive trees / to shine through) // (the trees) were creating shade / darkness / shadow // the sun could not shine through the trees // the olive trees were not getting sun / light / were in the shade // (the trees were) stopping the olive trees from growing in the sun (Look for reference to either sun / light or shade / darkness)
2. Effect: [1] (as if) the trees were deliberately blocking the sun // the trees intended to block out the sun // the trees were like robbers / thieves // the trees were crafty / cunning / selfish / greedy // the sunlight was precious // (it emphasises / suggests) how dominant / superior the (pine) trees were // (it emphasises / suggests) how vulnerable / powerless / inferior the (olive) trees were // (it emphasises / suggests) the (olive) trees were victims
3. Meaning: [1] Accept for RIPPED (were) separated from / cut off/from / torn off/from / broken off/from / pulled off/from / came apart from / lopped / severed / disconnected / snapped / removed (forcefully / violently) (Look for context of EITHER the branches / boughs / limbs / it / they AND / OR from the tree / trunk / it Note: Do not credit any suggestion that Pedro / his men 'ripped' / broke off the branches Accept singular 'branch' 'bough' Accept pine / cedar tree for olive tree and vice versa)
4. Effect: [1] (to show) Pedro / his men / they had been careless / clumsy / unprofessional / bad at their job / incompetent / useless / were not real tree-cutters / did a lot of damage // (the sight / scene / damage / it) was ugly / shocking / dreadful / violent / brutal / dramatic / tragic / devastating / upsetting // the branches / boughs / limbs came apart / were pulled off / were ripped forcefully / violently / aggressively / brutally / cruelly / viciously / without pity (Accept single-word answers here: e.g. violence / shock / drama / force)