Describe the purpose of a graph when used in an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] A graph is used in AI to record relationships between entities
2. [1] ... using vertices / nodes and edges
3. [1] for example, to represent places on a map and the distances between them, in order to find the shortest route.
4. [1] Artificial neural networks are designed to work in the same way as the human brain
5. [1] ANNs provide the architecture and algorithms for learning from the data
6. [1] They have a large number of connected processing units / nodes
7. [1] ... that are arranged in layers / interconnected and work together to process data
8. [1] Deep learning models learn from data by adjusting the weights/biases of the connections between neurons
9. [1] They use multiple hidden layers to extract complex features and to make predictions