Many naturally occurring esters are used as flavourings in food. (a) The structure of ester V is shown. [Figure of ester V: CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₃]

1. (a)(i)Name V.[1]
2. (a)(ii)V reacts with a reagent to form a salt of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Identify a reagent that could be used in this reaction.[1]
3. (a)(iii)Draw the displayed formula of the alcohol made during this reaction.[1]
4. (a)(iv)State one other possible use for V, apart from as a food flavouring.[1]
5. (b)Ester W is made up of 54.5% carbon, 9.1% hydrogen and 36.4% oxygen.
6. (b)(i)Calculate the empirical formula of W.[3]
7. (b)(ii)State what additional information is required to determine the molecular formula of W.[1]
8. (c)Compounds X, Y and Z are shown. They all have the same molecular formula. X: CH₃CH₂CHO (propanal) Y: CH₃CH₂CH₂OH (propan-1-ol) Z: CH₃CH₂COOH (propanoic acid)
9. (c)(i)Deduce the molecular formula of X, Y and Z.[1]
10. (c)(ii)In three experiments, sodium is added to separate samples of X, Y and Z. Complete the table to show the observations for each of these three experiments. Ignore any temperature changes which may occur. experiment | observations ---|--- Na + X | Na + Y | Na + Z |[2]
11. (d)Sodium carbonate solution reacts with methanoic acid. Write the equation for this reaction.[1]

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