Molecule M is present in petrol, a fuel used in cars. M is a saturated, non-cyclic hydrocarbon. M contains eight carbon atoms.

1. (a)(i)Construct an equation for the complete combustion of M.[2]
2. (a)(ii)Describe how the composition of products differs when incomplete combustion of M occurs.[2]
3. (b)(i)When petrol is burned in an internal combustion engine, oxides of nitrogen are released into the atmosphere. Oxides of nitrogen are responsible for the formation of acid rain. Suggest the conditions required for the production of oxides of nitrogen during combustion of M in an internal combustion engine. Use an appropriate equation in your answer.[2]
4. (b)(ii)Describe how acid rain is formed in the atmosphere in the presence of oxides of nitrogen and SO₂. Identify the role of the oxides of nitrogen in this process. Include all relevant equations.[3]
5. (b)(iii)State one other type of air pollution that is caused by the production of oxides of nitrogen in an internal combustion engine.[1]
6. (c)(i)Biodiesel T is a fuel made from vegetable oil R. Fig. 5.1 shows the production of T from R in a two-step process. [Figure 5.1] In step 1 all three ester groups in R react. Suggest a suitable reagent and conditions for step 1.[1]
7. (c)(ii)Draw the structural formula of J in the box in Fig. 5.1.[1]
8. (c)(iii)Name the type of reaction that occurs in step 2.[1]
9. (c)(iv)Name organic reagent G used in step 2.[1]
10. (c)(v)L is called decanoic acid. Use systematic nomenclature to deduce the name of T.[1]

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