9 (a) Viruses are not included in the three domain classification system as they have different features from most organisms. Describe the features of viruses. (b) Non-governmental organisations play a role in global conservation. Discuss how two global non-governmental organisations contribute to conservation.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] not cellular ;
2. [1] contain, nucleic acid / genetic material / DNA / RNA (core) ;
3. [1] DNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded ;
4. [1] (core surrounded by) protein coat / capsid / capsomeres ;
5. [1] may have, external / lipoprotein, envelope / membrane ;
6. [1] 20–750 nm ;
7. [1] obligate parasites ;
8. [1] reproduced / replicated, in / by, host cells ;
9. [1] disease-causing / pathogenic ;
10. [1] no, metabolism / respiration / nutrition / excretion / growth ;
11. [1] cannot move / immobile ;
12. [1] have, proteins / enzymes, to help, infection / replication ;
13. [1] (highly) specific to host (cells) ;
14. [1] not (thought to be) living ;
15. [1] AVP ; e.g. lytic / lysogenic, life cycles antigenic, variability / drift / shift
16. [1] name 1 ;
17. [1] name 2 ; e.g. WWF / Greenpeace / Nature Conservancy / Wildlife Conservation Society / Oceana / Sea Shepherd / Conservation International / CITES / IUCN / IFAW / WAZA / World Seed Bank / IPBES
18. [1] raise, funds / donations ;
19. [1] influence, governments / businesses ;
20. [1] ban / reduce, hunting / polluting / oil drilling / mining / deforestation ;
21. [1] research / reports ;
22. [1] conserve, species / populations / habitats / biodiversity OR prevent extinction ;
23. [1] education / publicity campaigns / raise awareness ;
24. [1] hold protests OR take direct action to prevent, development / exploitation ;
25. [1] promote coexistence of wildlife and people ;
26. [1] regulate / legislate for, trade in wild species ;
27. [1] estimate / monitor / categorise, threatened / endangered, species ;
28. [1] detail of CITES trade categories ;