(a) Compare the characteristic features of members of the kingdoms Fungi and Animalia. [7] (b) Discuss the methods used in breeding programmes for endangered mammal species and outline the problems that may occur with these programmes. [8]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] eukaryotic cells
2. [1] (contain) nucleus / linear DNA / chromosomes / histones / 80s ribosomes / (named) membrane-bound organelles (details of eukaryotic cells)
3. [1] heterotrophic
4. [1] (store food as) glycogen
5. [1] (Fungi) some unicellular
6. [1] (Fungi have) hyphae / mycelium
7. [1] (Fungi have) multinucleate parts
8. [1] (Fungi reproduce by) spores
9. [1] (Fungi have) cell walls of chitin
10. [1] (Animalia) multicellular
11. [1] (Animalia have) specialised cells
12. [1] (Animalia) differentiated into, tissues / organs
13. [1] (Animalia) some motile
14. [1] (Animalia: some cells have) cilia / flagella
15. [1] (methods: provide) as natural environment as possible
16. [1] (methods: storage of) sperm / eggs / gametes
17. [1] (methods: use of) artificial insemination / IVF
18. [1] (methods: use of) embryo transfer / surrogate mothers
19. [1] (methods: can monitor) health of mother / development of foetus
20. [1] (methods: international) cooperation between zoos
21. [1] (methods: genetic records kept /) 'stud' book
22. [1] (methods: release into the wild)
23. [1] (problems: may be) stress in captivity
24. [1] (problems: mate may be) rejected
25. [1] (problems: reproductive cycles may be) disrupted (in captivity)
26. [1] (problems with release: e.g. difficulty in finding food / may not integrate into groups)
27. [1] (problems with release: e.g. more susceptible to disease / very little natural habitat left to release animals into)