Monoclonal antibodies can be used in the treatment of disease.

1. (a)Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced using the hybridoma method.[5]
2. (b)Abciximab is a drug developed from a monoclonal antibody. Abciximab is used to prevent blood clotting in the coronary arteries in people with coronary heart disease. Abciximab prevents blood clotting by stopping structures called platelets from binding together. Fig. 6.1 shows platelets and abciximab in a coronary artery. [Figure 6.1] State the letter in Fig. 6.1 that represents: • the target antigen for abciximab • the constant region of abciximab • one of the antigen binding sites of abciximab ..[3]
3. (c)Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the cells of the heart. The passage outlines the cardiac cycle of the heart and the structures in the heart that control the cycle. Complete the passage by using the most appropriate scientific terms. The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of the .................................................................................... one of four chambers of the mammalian heart. Electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node reach the atrioventricular node, which transmits impulses towards the apex of the heart along a series of specialised muscle fibres called .................................................................... Pressure increases in the ventricles when they contract in the stage of the cardiac cycle known as ....................................................................[3]

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