Globalisation has profound effects on different parts of the world.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme. The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. **(a) Give two characteristics of globalisation. (2 marks)**
2. B1 for each correct characteristic (e.g., increased flow of goods/capital/services/information, spread of culture, interconnectedness, rise of TNCs, global interdependence). (2x1 marks)
3. **(b) Explain one way in which improvements in technology have contributed to globalisation. (3 marks)**
4. M1 for identifying a technological improvement (e.g., internet/communications, containerisation/transport).
5. A1 for explaining how this technology fosters globalisation (e.g., easier/faster/cheaper communication across borders, reduced transport costs/times for goods).
6. A1 for further elaboration or a specific example of its impact (e.g., allows TNCs to manage global supply chains, enables e-commerce, facilitates global financial transactions).
7. **(c) Discuss how globalisation can lead to the exploitation of workers in developing countries. (5 marks)**
8. Level 1 (1-2 marks): Describes some negative impacts on workers. Limited link to 'exploitation' or 'globalisation'. Generic points without much geographical context.
9. Level 2 (3-4 marks): Explains how specific aspects of globalisation (e.g., TNCs seeking cheap labour, global competition) can lead to worker exploitation. Discussion shows some understanding of the mechanisms involved, perhaps mentioning low wages, poor conditions, or long hours.
10. Level 3 (5 marks): Provides a clear and well-reasoned discussion, explicitly linking globalisation (e.g., 'race to the bottom', supply chain pressure, weak regulations in developing countries) to various forms of worker exploitation (e.g., sweatshop conditions, child labour, suppression of unions, unfair contracts). Demonstrates good geographical understanding of the causal links.